Abstract: A method for ascertaining and/or monitoring a process variable, wherein a time-limited, exciting signal, which is described by at least one desired quantity, or by a desired signal form, is applied to a first piezoelectric element, or to a first polarized zone of a piezoelectric element. The response signal, which is described by at least one actual quantity, or actual signal form, corresponding, respectively, to the desired quantity, or desired signal form, is registered by a second piezoelectric element, or by a second polarized zone of the piezoelectric element, wherein the actual quantity, or the actual signal form, of the response signal and the desired quantity, or the designed signal form, of the response signal are compared with one another. On the basis of the ultrasonic measuring signal, which is describable by the defined desired quantity, or the defined, desired signal form, the process variable is ascertained via a sound-entrainment method or via an echo method.

Abstract: An ultrasonic, flow measuring device having a plurality of measuring channels. At least one ultrasonic sensor is situated in a first region of a pipeline, or measuring tube; at least two ultrasonic sensors are situated in a second region of the pipeline (5), or measuring tube, in such a manner that the ultrasonic measuring signals travel through the pipeline, or measuring tube, in, or opposite to, a stream direction of the medium, on sound paths of different lengths. A transmitting stage simultaneously excites the ultrasonic sensor, or the ultrasonic sensors, of the first or second region for transmitting the ultrasonic measuring signals. Due to the different lengths of the sound paths, the receiving stage detects the ultrasonic measuring signals incoming to the ultrasonic sensors of the second or first region at separate times.

Abstract: An apparatus for ascertaining, and/or monitoring, volume-or mass-flow of a medium flowing through a pipeline in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the pipeline. The apparatus includes: at least one ultrasonic sensor, which radiates/receives ultrasonic measuring signals at an angle of incidence/emergence into/out-of the pipeline; and a control/evaluation unit which provides, based on the ultrasonic measuring signals, information concerning volume- and/or mass-flow of the medium through the pipeline. The ultrasonic sensor includes at least one sound-producing element, a coupling shoe and a coupling adapter. The end region of the coupling adapter facing the coupling shoe has a securement mechanism for releasable securement of the coupling adapter to the coupling shoe. The end region of the coupling adapter facing the pipeline is embodied as a function of the pipeline in such a manner that it is form-fittingly securable to the pipeline.

Abstract: A coupling element for an ultrasonic, flow measuring device, wherein the coupling element has a pedestal with a bearing surface, on which bearing surface a piezoelement is applied. The pedestal is an integral component of the coupling element.

Abstract: A recording medium providing improved writeability in perpendicular recording applications includes a magnetic recording layer having an axis of magnetic anisotropy substantially perpendicular to the surface thereof, an exchange-spring layer ferromagnetically exchange coupled to the magnetic recording layer and having a coercivity less than the magnetic recording layer coercivity, and a coupling layer between the magnetic recording layer and the exchange-spring layer. The coupling layer regulates the ferromagnetic exchange coupling between the magnetic recording layer and the exchange-spring layer.

Abstract: Measuring system (1) for determining and/or monitoring flow of a measured medium (25) through a measuring tube (2), wherein the measuring system (1) includes: At least one control/evaluation unit (8), which, based on ultrasonic measurement signals, or based on measurement data derived from the ultrasonic measurement signals, ascertains volume, and/or mass, flow of the measured medium (25) flowing in the measuring tube (2); and a sensor housing (3), which surrounds a first ultrasonic sensor (5) and at least a second ultrasonic sensor (6); wherein at least the first ultrasonic sensor (5) is seated shiftably in the sensor housing (3); wherein the measuring system (1) further includes a sensor holder (4), which is securable on the measuring tube (2) and includes a securement mechanism (9) for the releasable securement of the sensor housing (3) on the sensor holder (4); wherein the sensor housing (3) forms with the ultrasonic sensors (5, 6) a unit securable on the sensor holder (4) and releasable from the sensor h

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for the preparation of 5-methyl-3-nitromethyl-hexanoic acid ester and its salts. Also disclosed are processes for the preparation of 5-methyl-3-nitromethyl-hexanoic acid salt and a process for the preparation of 3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid. (S)-5-Methyl-3-nitromethyl-hexanoic acid or (R)-5-methyl-3-nitromethyl-hexanoic acid in enantioenriched form or enantiopure form as well as salts thereof, (S)-5-methyl-3-nitromethyl-hexanoic acid ester or (R)-5-methyl-3-nitromethyl-hexanoic acid ester in enantioenriched form or enantiopure form and a compound, namely Formula (XIII), in racemic form, enantioenriched form or enantiopure form are also disclosed.

Abstract: An sensor of a measuring system for determining and/or monitoring the flow of a measured medium through a measuring tube, wherein the ultrasonic sensor is seated in a shiftable manner in a sensor housing parallel to a first inner surface of the sensor housing. The ultrasonic sensor has a coupling element and an electromechanical ultrasound transducer element, wherein the ultrasonic sensor can, at least at times, at least partially, lie against the first inner surface of the sensor housing, and that a guide hanger at least partially lies against a second inner surface of the sensor housing lying opposite the first inner surface, wherein the ultrasonic sensor is seated in a shiftable manner essentially perpendicularly to the first inner surface in the guide hanger, and wherein a spring between the guide hanger and ultrasonic sensor acts essentially perpendicularly to the first inner surface.

Abstract: A coupling element of a sensor of an ultrasonic, flow measuring device, which includes at least three rods having, in each case, a first rod end and a second rod end. The rods, in each case, have, on their respective first ends, first end faces, which, in each case, can be acoustically coupled with the sound-emitting and/or sound-receiving area of an ultrasonic transducer element. The respective first end faces of the rods together form a first coupling surface of the coupling element, and the rods, in each case, have, on their respective second ends, second end faces, which form a second coupling surface of the coupling element, wherein the rods, in each case, have a first rod cross section, which is different in shape and/or size from a respective second rod cross section.

Abstract: Measuring system and method for determining and/or monitoring flow of a measured medium through a measuring tube with a first ultrasonic sensor and at least a second ultrasonic sensor, wherein the first ultrasonic sensor has at least one electromechanical ultrasonic transducer element and is placeable in a first region of the measuring tube, and wherein the second ultrasonic sensor has at least two electromechanical ultrasonic transducer elements and is placeable in a second region of the measuring tube in such a manner, that the ultrasonic signals transmittable through the measured medium from the first ultrasonic sensor are receivable by the second ultrasonic sensor, and that the ultrasonic signals transmittable through the measured medium from the second ultrasonic sensor are receivable by the first ultrasonic sensor, and with at least one control/evaluation unit, which, on the basis of the ultrasonic-measuring signals, or on the basis of measurement data, which are derived from the ultrasonic measuring si

Abstract: A method for system- and/or process-monitoring in the case of an ultrasound flow measuring device having a plurality of measuring channels, wherein a medium flows though a pipeline or measuring tube in the direction of a longitudinal axis of the pipeline or measuring tube. Ultrasonic measuring signals are coupled into the pipeline or measuring tube and coupled out of the pipeline or measuring tube in such a way that they travel through the medium along different sound paths. Following passage through the pipeline or measuring tube, the ultrasonic measuring signals are detected in the individual measuring channels, wherein at least one actual quantity describing the ultrasonic measuring signal of each measuring channel is ascertained. The actual quantity is compared with a desired quantity captured under predetermined system- or process-conditions, and a report is output in the case of a difference between the ascertained, actual quantity and the captured, desired quantity.

Abstract: An apparatus for ascertaining, and/or monitoring, volume- or mass-flow of a medium flowing through a pipeline in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the pipeline. The apparatus includes: at least one ultrasonic sensor, which radiates/receives ultrasonic measuring signals at an angle of incidence/emergence into/out-of the pipeline; and a control/evaluation unit which provides, based on the ultrasonic measuring signals, information concerning volume- and/or mass-flow of the medium through the pipeline. The ultrasonic sensor includes at least one sound-producing element, a coupling shoe and a coupling adapter. The end region of the coupling adapter facing the coupling shoe has a securement mechanism for releasable securement of the coupling adapter to the coupling shoe. The end region of the coupling adapter facing the pipeline is embodied as a function of the pipeline in such a manner that it is form-fittingly securable to the pipeline.

Abstract: This invention relates to processes and intermediates for the stereoselective alkylation of carbonyl groups. The invention in particular allows the stereoselective preparation of the antidepressant drug escitalopram. It has been found that boric or boronic acid derivatives are useful bridging elements for the attachment of a chiral group to a compound containing a carbonyl group to be alkylated. The said borates and boronates are thus useful in a process for the asymmetric alkylation of a carbonyl group in a compound containing a carbonyl group and an anchor group capable of reacting with a boric or boronic acid derivative. The asymmetric alkylation can be carried out by admixing the compound containing a carbonyl group to be alkylated and the anchor group capable of reacting with a boric or boronic acid derivative with a boric or boronic acid derivative, adding a chiral alcohol, and adding an organometallic compound. After the alkylation reaction, the borate and boronate can be easily removed by hydrolysis.

Abstract: An ultrasonic transducer for determining and/or monitoring flow of a measured medium through a measuring tube, which includes at least one piezoelectric element, at least one coupling element and at least one adapting, or matching, layer between the piezoelectric element and coupling element. The adapting, or matching, layer has a thickness smaller than a fourth of an uneven integer multiple of a wavelength of an ultrasonic signal being used.

Abstract: An apparatus for securing a measuring or display unit on an object. Included is elongated guide element, on which an orientation aid and a holder for the measuring unit or for the display unit are arranged shiftably in the longitudinal direction of the guide element, wherein the orientation aid and the holder are so positionable relative to one another, that the object is held clamped between the orientation aid and the holder or a mounted sensor, and wherein a resilient tensioning apparatus is provided, with which the measuring or display unit is pressable with a defined clamping force onto the object.

Abstract: A method for system- and/or process-monitoring in the case of an ultrasound flow measuring device having a plurality of measuring channels, wherein a medium flows though a pipeline or measuring tube in the direction of a longitudinal axis of the pipeline or measuring tube. Ultrasonic measuring signals are coupled into the pipeline or measuring tube and coupled out of the pipeline or measuring tube in such a way that they travel through the medium along different sound paths. Following passage through the pipeline or measuring tube, the ultrasonic measuring signals are detected in the individual measuring channels, wherein at least one actual quantity describing the ultrasonic measuring signal of each measuring channel is ascertained. The actual quantity is compared with a desired quantity captured under predetermined system- or process-conditions, and a report is output in the case of a difference between the ascertained, actual quantity and the captured, desired quantity.

Abstract: A recording medium providing improved writeability in perpendicular recording applications includes a magnetic recording layer having an axis of magnetic anisotropy substantially perpendicular to the surface thereof, an exchange-spring layer ferromagnetically exchange coupled to the magnetic recording layer and having a coercivity less than the magnetic recording layer coercivity, and a coupling layer between the magnetic recording layer and the exchange-spring layer. The coupling layer regulates the ferromagnetic exchange coupling between the magnetic recording layer and the exchange-spring layer.

Abstract: An ultrasonic flow measuring device, which determines volume and/or mass flow of a medium in a pipeline, or in a measuring tube. The flow measuring device includes a plurality of ultrasonic sensors, which emit and/or receive ultrasonic measurement signals along defined sound paths. The control/evaluation electronics of the flow measuring device is divided into an on-site electronics, in which at least one switch is provided, via which the ultrasonic sensors, arranged in different sound paths, can be driven and/or queried, and at least one remote, control/evaluation unit, wherein the control/evaluation unit so switches the at least one switch, that the driven and/or queried, ultrasonic sensor, or the driven and/or queried pair of ultrasonic sensors, is activated and provides measured values.

Abstract: A recording medium providing improved writeability in perpendicular recording applications includes a magnetic recording layer having an axis of magnetic anisotropy substantially perpendicular to the surface thereof, an exchange-spring layer ferromagnetically exchange coupled to the magnetic recording layer and having a coercivity less than the magnetic recording layer coercivity, and a coupling layer between the magnetic recording layer and the exchange-spring layer. The coupling layer regulates the ferromagnetic exchange coupling between the magnetic recording layer and the exchange-spring layer.

Abstract: An electromagnetic frictionally engaged clutch provided with a rotor part including a friction lining. An electrical coil and a first permanent magnet are arranged on the rotor part. The clutch also includes an armature disk which is connected to a second shaft and can be displaced in a rotationally fixed manner, but axially from a coupled end position to an uncoupled end position. The coil of the clutch is enabled to be current-free both in the coupled state and in the uncoupled state. To this end, a second permanent magnet is provided for exerting an axial force opposing the magnetic force of the first permanent magnet on the armature disk.