Abstract: The structured body intended for use for an anode (1) in fuel cells, comprises a structure formed by macro-pores (100) and an electrode material (5). The macro-pores form communicating spaces which are produced by means of pore forming materials. The electrode material includes skeleton-like or net-like connected structures of particles (60, 70) which are connected by sintering and which form two reticular systems (6, 7) which interengage: a first reticular system (6) made of ceramic material and a second reticular system (7) which contains metals to effect an electrical conductivity. The electrode material has the properties that, with a multiple change between oxidising and reducing conditions, substantially no major property changes occur in the ceramic reticular system, on the one hand, and an oxidisation or reduction of the metals results in the second reticular system, on the other hand.

Abstract: A device for measuring dispersion of a link between two switching nodes of an optical network comprises a phase measuring unit PMU for determining a first phase of a data signal traveling on a first wavelength &lgr;1, and a second phase of the same data signal traveling on a second wavelength &lgr;2, received consecutively over the link under measurement. A dispersion measurement controller controls operation of the phase measuring unit and characterizes the dispersion of the link at a wavelength of interest &lgr;=(&lgr;1+&lgr;2)/2, based on the first and second phases. The PMU includes a frame detector for determining a first and a second rotation signal indicative of the digital offset between the first and second test clocks with a respective frame start, and a phase detector for measuring the phase of these test clocks with respect to a static reference. The static reference is provided by the same data signal transmitted continuously over a reference wavelength.

Abstract: A method for determining substrate and product concentration in liquid and/or gaseous media is disclosed. Several samples of at least one substance to be analyzed are removed in at least one sampling region by time-controlled diffusion of the analyte between the medium and a diffusion medium, which is fed to the sampling regions through fluid conduits using at least one pump and semipermeable membranes. The diffusion medium is transported to at least one detector while simultaneously new diffusion medium is fed from the sampling region, and analyzed to determine the analyte concentration. The detector provides a temporal concentration distribution or a temporal distribution of a signal proportional to the concentration. A change in the ratio of the signal maximum to the base line is ascertained in the output of the detector signal and, on the basis of this, a change in the diffusion properties of the semipermeable membrane is inferred and a correction factor ascertained.

Abstract: Dispersion is measured for an end-to-end link using two carrier wavelengths with a phase-synchronized signal modulated on each, and a single receiver that detects the BER of the combined fields. The power ratio of the two fields is chosen such that the weaker field modulates the eye of the stronger field, leading to slight periodic eye closure BER(&tgr;)≅BER(&tgr;+TB) whenever the relative group delay changes by the bit period TB. The magnitude of the relative group delay can therefore be inferred from the undulated BER response as a function of the wavelength detuning. A fit function is selected for the group delay response and the dispersion parameter D and dispersion slope S are calculated from this fit function after the function parameters are determined.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring service-intensive replaceable parts in an assembly in which information regarding a replaceable part (1), such as specifications, physical dimensions, physical properties, functions and/or other data for the replaceable part, is stored on a suitable memory component (5) in and/or on the replaceable part (1). The stored data is read with a reading device at a predetermined time or at predetermined time intervals and transmitted to an evaluation unit. The read data can be compared in the evaluation unit with preset data and, after evaluating the results of the comparison of the data, an appropriate change in the replaceable part or in the operation of the assembly may or may not be carried out.

Abstract: An incremental position measuring system in the form of a three-grating sensor is optimized in such a way, that the degree of modulation (M) of the incremental scanning device, as well as the intensity (I) of a reference marker signal are relatively strong. To this end, a phase grating with an effective phase deviation of &lgr;/4 is embodied on a scale 2, as well as a reference marker (R) in the form of an amplitude structure. A compact structure is achieved by the divergent illumination of the grating located in front of the scale.

Abstract: The porous, gas permeable layer substructure (5; 5a, 5b) for a thin, gas impervious layer (89) can in particular be used as a functional component in high temperature fuel cells (8). This layer substructure has a smooth surface (50a) which is suitable for an application of the gas impervious layer or a multi-layer system including the gas impervious layer, with the application being carried out by means of a screen printing method or other coating methods. The smooth surface is formed by a compacted edge zone (50). The edge zone and a carrier structure (51) adjacent to this are made from a uniform substance mixture of sinterable particles. The porosity of the carrier structure is greater than 30 volume percent, preferably greater than 40 volume percent. The pore size of the edge zone is smaller than 10 &mgr;m, preferably smaller than 3 &mgr;m.

Abstract: An incremental position measuring system in the form of a three-grating sensor is optimized in such a way, that the degree of modulation (M) of the incremental scanning device, as well as the intensity (I) of a reference marker signal are relatively strong. To this end, a phase grating with an effective phase deviation of &lgr;/4 is embodied on a scale 2, as well as a reference marker (R) in the form of an amplitude structure. A compact structure is achieved by the divergent illumination of the grating located in front of the scale.

Abstract: The phase grating of the present invention includes a substrate with a reflective, continuous layer disposed thereon on which a structured spacer layer 3 of dielectric material is applied. To form a phase grating that can be used as a scale in photoelectric position measuring instruments, a further thin reflective surface layer is located solely on the reflective, continuous surfaces, parallel to the layer, of the structured spacer layer.

Abstract: An uncovered unprotected phase grating includes a substrate which has a relief structure. The relief structure includes a high-refraction material so that even if soiled with impeding ambient media an adequate difference in the index of refraction exists and the diffraction effect is preserved.

Abstract: An absolute measuring interferometer having a measuring interferometer, a tunable laser emitting a laser beam and a control interferometer for adjusting the air wavelength of the laser beam. The control interferometer adjusts the air wavelength of the laser beam to a specific wavelength value at the ends of each measuring cycle. The wavelength of the tunable laser is continually tuned within the specific wavelength interval where the phase change of the interference signal is continually detected during the wavelength modulation process. An absolute measurement is determined by a simple mathematical relationship between the measured wavelength and phase changes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a rotary vane gate for free-flowing bulk material and Comprises a housing provided with housing covers on the end faces as well as with an inlet opening and an outlet opening and a compartmentalised wheel disposed in the housing with a rotatably mounted drive shaft, the wheel having compartments which are axially delimited by limiting plates 11. With a view to a construction which is particularly resistant to pressure shocks and is safe against penetration of flames, a sealed wear plate is provided between each limiting plate of the wheel and the neighbouring housing cover and at least one bypass chamber is provided between this wear plate and the limiting plate. The axial internal width of the inlet opening corresponds at most to the axial internal width of the compartments and the axial internal width of the outlet corresponds approximately to the overall length of the wheel including the bypass chambers.

Abstract: In a process for the production of a filter medium in particular in the form of a pleated bellows for a filter cartridge for dust separation, at least one surface of the filter medium is provided with an embossed structure, consisting of a multitude of raised embossed elements, preferably in the form of burls or ribs. Furthermore such surfaces of the filter medium are subjected to an additional treatment in the area of the embossed spots by application of a layer of a curable, dryable coating mass and/or heat so that an added mechanical resistance/strength/abrasion resistance is obtained in the area of these treated embossed parts. Due to this process for the production of a filter medium it is possible to create a filter medium--in particular one consisting of mechanically sensitive materials, e.g.

Abstract: A position measuring method and apparatus for obtaining signals substantially free of harmonics with the aid of a periodic graduation and a non-periodic or aperiodic scanning graduation, wherein the position of the grating lines n within the scanning graduation is determined in accordance with a statistical distribution.

Abstract: A light source which emits light in strips is provided for illuminating a scale of a photoelectric position measuring system. The light modulated by the scale is converted into a sinusoidal scanning signal by a scanning plate. The scanning plate is a semiconductor substrate structured in strips. The width (A) of the light-emitting areas and the width (B) of the interspersed non-emitting areas of the light source is such that defined harmonics are filtered out of the scanning signal. The scanning plate is of such configuration that further harmonics are suppressed.

Abstract: An interferometer having a light source that generates a beam of light. The beam of light is directed to a beam splitter where it is split into a reference beam and a measuring beam. A pair of reflectors reflect the reference and measuring beams towards an interference point. A beam merging element is positioned at the interference point so that the reference and measuring beams interfere with each other at the interference point so that at least two pairs of partial beams which are phase-shifted in relation to each other and interfere with one another are generated. The two pairs of partial beams are received by a plurality of detectors which form directionally dependent measured values.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring absolute measurements having two measuring interferometers and a tunable laser emitting a laser beam. The two measuring interometers each have their own measuring lines and are supplied with the beam from one and the same laser. A reference line is established from the arithmetic sum or difference of the two measuring lines and is maintained at a constant value.

Abstract: The interferometer comprises a light source, at least one beam splitting means, a beam combiner means, measuring and reference arms as well as wave guides for guiding the light to the beam splitting means and for guiding the light back to photodetectors. Beam splitting means and beam combiner means are formed by integrated optics elements on a substrate. The wave guides on the substrate form a measuring arm (7.sub.1) and two reference arms (6.sub.1, 8.sub.1) which have different optical path lengths for setting a phase difference. An evaluation electronics for determining correct as to signs, the change in optical path length in the measuring arm (7.sub.1) is connected to the photodetectors.

Abstract: A measurement device having a correction grating associated with a gauge and deflects two diffracted partial beams overlappingly, at a very small angle (.alpha.), onto a single coupling grating. From there, two waveguides located closely beside one another are used to introduce the beams into a coupler and the beams are superimposed and evaluated in a known manner. Thus, a position measuring device can be drastically reduced in its structural size with the aid of an integrated optical component.

Abstract: UV-stabilized formed structures from aromatic polyether ketones are coated with at least one film-forming polymer containing at least one UV absorber dissolved or dispersed in said film-forming polymer.