Abstract: Mitigation of photo-induced damage in excitation illuminated reactions and analyses utilizing such reactions results in an enhanced performance for the reactions and the analyses. There is provided a novel class of triplet-state quenchers for mitigating photo-induced damage which are both simple in structure and effective at preventing and/or reducing photo-induced damage to reaction components of excitation illuminated reaction mixtures. Also provided are methods of using the compounds of the invention, devices and kits incorporating the compounds of the invention.

Abstract: Methods for performing analytical reactions and compositions for use in such methods, where the methods have reduced signal levels deriving from non-specific adsorption of detected reagents to other components of the analytical method, e.g., other reagents, solid phase components, vessels, etc.

Abstract: Compositions, devices, systems and methods for reducing and/or preventing photo-induced damage of one or more reactants in an illuminated analytical reaction by addition of one or more photo-induced damage mitigating agents to the reaction mixture and allowing the reaction to proceed for a period that is less than a photo-induced damage threshold period.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel class of scaffold-based labeled polymerase enzyme substrates. The polymerase enzyme substrates have a multivalent core or scaffold to which is attached fluorescent dye moieties and nucleoside phosphate moities. The polymerase enzyme substrates have multiple fluorescent dye moities and/or multiple nucleoside phosphate moieties. Preferred multivalent cores comprise trifunctional six membered aromatic moities. The invention also provides for sequencing methods and kits with scaffold-based labeled polymerase enzyme substrates.

Abstract: Compositions, kits, methods and systems for nucleotide sequencing comprising producing polymerase reactions that exhibit two kinetically observable steps within an observable phase of the polymerase reaction. Two slow step systems can be produced, for example, by selecting the appropriate polymerase enzyme, polymerase reaction conditions including cofactors, and polymerase reaction substrates including the primed template and nucleotides.

Abstract: Compositions, devices, systems and methods for reducing and/or preventing photo-induced damage of one or more reactants in an illuminated analytical reaction by addition of one or more photoprotective compounds to the reaction mixture and allowing the reaction to proceed for a period that is less than a photo-induced damage threshold period.

Abstract: Compositions, kits, methods and systems for single molecule nucleotide sequencing comprising producing polymerase reactions having monovalent cations that control the median pulse width for incorporated nucleotides are disclosed. The levels of alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium in the polymerization are used to control pulse width while allowing other sequencing parameters to remain within a desirable range.

Abstract: Compositions, devices, systems and methods for reducing and/or preventing photo-induced damage of one or more reactants in an illuminated analytical reaction by addition of one or more photo-induced damage mitigating agents to the reaction mixture and allowing the reaction to proceed for a period that is less than a photo-induced damage threshold period.

Abstract: Compositions, kits, methods and systems for nucleotide sequencing comprising producing polymerase reactions that exhibit two kinetically observable steps within an observable phase of the polymerase reaction. Two slow step systems can be produced, for example, by selecting the appropriate polymerase enzyme, polymerase reaction conditions including cofactors, and polymerase reaction substrates including the primed template and nucleotides.

Abstract: Apparatus for transporting a fluid, atomizers, reactors, integrated fuel processing apparatus, combinations thereof, methods of atomizing reactants, methods of moving fluids, methods of reverse-flow in a reactor, and combinations thereof, are provided. One exemplary apparatus for transporting a fluid, among others, includes: a channel for receiving a fluid; a sensor for determining an internal condition of the fluid in the channel; and a channel actuator in communication with the sensor for changing a cross-sectional area of the channel based on the internal condition, wherein the change in cross-sectional area controls a parameter selected from a pressure and a fluid flow.

Abstract: Briefly described, embodiments of this disclosure include thermal management devices, systems, and methods, convection cooling devices, convection cooling systems, convection cooling methods, hybrid convection/desorption cooling devices, hybrid convection/desorption cooling systems, hybrid convection/desorption cooling methods, are disclosed.

Abstract: Nano-scale thermal management devices, methods, and systems are provided. According to some embodiments, a thermal management device configured to remove heat from a heated area can comprise an inlet port and a cavity. The cavity can be positioned intermediate a heat source and an opposing surface spaced apart from the heat source. The inlet port can receive a liquid (such as a coolant or cooling fluid) and direct the liquid to the cavity. The cavity can be configured to control the thickness of the liquid within the cavity. Liquid within the cavity can be heated by the heat source, and the opposing surface can comprise openings to allow evaporated liquid to exit the openings. A gas flow proximate the opposing surface can be used to carry vapor and be used to enhance liquid evaporation. Movement of the evaporated liquid enables heat from the heat source to be removed. The opposing surface can be a perforated membrane having micro-sized and nano-sized perforations.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and apparatus for remote curing of resin-coated surfaces and articles by means of a vaporous curing agent. The method of the present invention includes the steps: (a) providing a surface of the substrate with a layer of a coating precursor comprising a curable material and a stabilized curing agent that is adapted to react with a gaseous, vaporous or aerosol initiating agent to activate the stabilized curing agent so as to cause the curable material to undergo a curing reaction; (b) subjecting the coating precursor to the gaseous, vaporous or aerosol initiating agent for sufficient time to initiate the curing reaction, and allowing the coating precursor to form a cured coating on the substrate. Another variation of the method of the present invention involves the reversal of the positions of the active compounds utilizing the interaction between the gaseous, vaporous or aerosol curing agent and coating precursor comprising a curable material and initiating agent.

Abstract: Briefly described, embodiments of this disclosure, among others, include scanning ion probe systems, methods of use thereof, scanning ion source systems, methods of use thereof, scanning ion probe mass spectrometry systems, methods of use thereof, methods of simultaneous ion analysis and imaging, and methods of simultaneous mass spectrometry and imaging.

Abstract: Ionization systems, methods of using ionization systems, ion source systems, methods of using ion source systems, and methods of ionization, are described herein.

Abstract: Electrospray systems, electrospray structures, removable electrospray structures, methods of operating electrospray systems, and methods of fabricating electrospray systems, are disclosed.

Abstract: Briefly described, embodiments of this disclosure, among others, include vortex vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) systems and methods of cooling.

Abstract: In method of injecting a substance into a living cell having a cell membrane, the substance, the cell and a liquid are placed into a tapering passage. Energy is applied to the cell, thereby inducing poration. To sort cells, a cellular suspension is placed in a tapering passage, including a narrow end that defines an opening that has a dimension corresponding to a cell size. An acoustic wave is applied, thereby forcing cells having a cell size smaller than the selected cell size through the opening, with a portion of the cells having a cell size not smaller than the selected cell size not forced through the opening. To extract material from a cell, an electric field and an acoustic wave are applied, thereby causing the cell membrane to allow the material to pass out of the cell.

Abstract: Electrospray systems, electrospray structures, removable electrospray structures, methods of operating electrospray systems, and methods of fabricating electrospray systems, are disclosed.