Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for establishing data paths over multiple access network for a multi-access data connection. One apparatus includes a processor and a transceiver that communicates with a mobile communication network via a first access network and/or a second access network. Via the transceiver, the processor transmits a request, over the second access network, to establish a data connection and receives a first request to set up a first data bearer for the data connection over the first access network in response to the request. Via the transceiver, the processor receives a second request to set up a second data bearer for the data connection over the second access network in response to the request, where both the first data bearer and the second data bearer are used to carry traffic of the data connection.

Abstract: One apparatus includes a processor that creates a second request on behalf of a remote unit from a first request received from a non-3GPP access network, the second request including a subscriber identity of the remote unit. The processor sends the second request to a mobile core to initiate connection of the remote unit to the mobile core and receives a third request from the mobile core, the first request being part of a first authentication procedure and the third request being part of a NAS authentication procedure different than the first authentication procedure. The processor transforms the third request into a fourth request of the first authentication procedure and uses an authentication response of the first authentication procedure to complete connection of the remote unit to the mobile core.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for network access using blockchain payments. One apparatus includes a processor and a transceiver that receives an authentication request message for a remote unit, the authentication request message including a remote unit identifier, the remote unit identifier indicating the remote unit is requesting network access via a blockchain payment. The processor generates an address for a blockchain network indicated by the remote unit identifier for receiving the blockchain payment. The transceiver receives a blockchain payment information message from the remote unit and the processor provides network access to the remote unit in response to successfully validating the received blockchain payment information.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for determining mobile network policy freshness. One method includes accessing a first policy associated with a first mobile network, a first policy identifier, and a freshness parameter. The method includes determining, based on the freshness parameter, whether the first policy is fresh. The method includes transmitting a registration message to a second mobile network. The registration message includes the first policy identifier in response to determining that the first policy is not fresh.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for determining remote unit behavior parameters. One method includes receiving a message including parameters associated with an application in a remote unit. The method includes determining a first set of parameters including a first portion of the parameters, wherein each parameter of the first set of parameters corresponds to a remote unit behavior. The method includes determining a second set of parameters including a second portion of the parameters, wherein each parameter of the second set of parameters corresponds to a service behavior. The method includes associating the second set of parameters with a data network name, a single network slice selection assistance information, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for providing enhanced QoS via a non-3GPP access network. One apparatus includes a transceiver communicates with a gateway function in a non-3GPP access network. The apparatus includes a processor that receives a create security association request for each of at least one security association. Here, each create security association request includes additional QoS information for the security association. The processor reserves, for each create security association request, at least one access resource in the access network based on the additional QoS information and sends a create security association response to the gateway function for each create security association request, each create security association response indicating whether the corresponding security association is accepted.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for indicating a network for a remote unit. One method (600) includes transmitting (602) a first message including a first registration request from a remote unit (102). The first message includes a discovery indication indicating that the remote unit (102) is attempting to discover a network configured for use by the remote unit (102). The method (600) includes receiving (604) a second message including a list of networks configured for use by the remote unit (102). The second message is received in response to transmitting (602) the first message. The method (600) includes transmitting (606) a third message including a second registration request from the remote unit (102). The second registration request includes an indication of a network selected from the list of networks configured for use by the remote unit (102).

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for WLAN selection. One apparatus includes a transceiver that receives a WLAN selection/routing command. The apparatus further includes a controller that identifies whether the apparatus has selected a WLAN. The controller further determines whether to accept WLAN selection/routing commands based on a device configuration and/or whether the apparatus has selected a WLAN. In certain embodiments, the WLAN selection/routing command is a LWA command, RCLWI command, or LWIP command.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for suspending services in a first network while attached to a second network. One apparatus includes a processor and a transceiver configured to communicate with either a first mobile communication network or a second mobile communication network. The processor uses a first service in the first mobile communication network and determines to suspend the first service in order to use a second service in the second mobile communication network. The transceiver sends a first mobility management message indicating that a first registration and the first service are to be suspended and receives a second message as reply to the first MM message, said second message indicating that the first registration and the first service are successfully suspended. The processor uses the second service in the second core network without using the first service.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for measuring access network performance (“ANP”) parameters for a multi-access data connection. One apparatus includes a processor, a first transceiver and a second transceiver that communicate with a mobile communication network via a first access network and a second access network, respectively. The processor establishes a multi-access data connection with the mobile communication network over the first access network and the second access network and receives measurement assistance information. The processor measures at least one ANP parameter using the measurement assistance information and applies a traffic steering rule to uplink data traffic, the traffic steering rule indicating to which of the first and second access networks the uplink data traffic is to be routed based on the measured at least one ANP parameter.

Abstract: One apparatus includes a processor that creates a second request on behalf of a remote unit from a first request received from a non-3GPP access network, the second request including a subscriber identity of the remote unit. The processor sends the second request to a mobile core to initiate connection of the remote unit to the mobile core and receives a third request from the mobile core, the first request being part of a first authentication procedure and the third request being part of a NAS authentication procedure different than the first authentication procedure. The processor transforms the third request into a fourth request of the first authentication procedure and uses an authentication response of the first authentication procedure to complete connection of the remote unit to the mobile core.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for establishing data paths over multiple access network for a multi-access data connection. One apparatus includes a processor and a transceiver that communicates with one or more network functions in a mobile communication network. The processor receives a first session management request via an AMF. Here, the first session management request contains a second session management request sent by a remote unit that communicates with the mobile communication network over a first access network and a second access network, the second session management request being sent over the second access network. The processor sends a first request to the access management function to establish a first data path for a multi-access data connection over the first access network and sends a second request to the access management function to establish a second data path for the multi-access data connection over the second access network.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for determining mobile network policy freshness. One method (700) includes accessing (702) a first policy associated with a first mobile network, a first policy identifier, and a freshness parameter. The method (700) includes determining (704), based on the freshness parameter, whether the first policy is fresh. The method (700) includes transmitting (706) a registration message to a second mobile network. The registration message includes the first policy identifier in response to determining that the first policy is not fresh.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for deriving an operating system identity. One method includes determining, at a remote unit, a type of operating system used by the remote unit. The method includes determining a domain name corresponding to the type of operating system. The method includes deriving an operating system identity by applying a hash function to the domain name and a predetermined value. The method includes transmitting a first message to a mobile communication network. In such embodiments, the first message includes the operating system identity.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for accessing a local data network via a mobile data connection. One apparatus includes a processor that determines to configure a first data connection to provide access to a local data network in addition to the remote data network based on information received from a session management function (SMF) and activates a network interface that communicates with the local data network in response to determining to configure the first data connection to provide access to the local data network. The processor transmits a downlink data packet to the remote unit over the first data connection and provides the remote unit with access to one or more services via the local data network using the activated network interface.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for steering the traffic of the multi-access data connection over a plurality of steering connections. One apparatus includes a includes a transceiver and a processor that sends a first message to establish a multi-access data connection over a first access network and a second access network, where the first message indicates that the apparatus supports a first type of steering functionality that creates a plurality of steering connections over each of access networks. The processor receives a second message including rules indicating how to route a first data packet across the first and second access networks and how to route the first data packet across a plurality of steering connections. The processor establishes a plurality of steering connections over each access network in response to the second message and applies the rules for steering traffic of the multi-access data connection.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for supporting a notification procedure during 5G registration over a non-3GPP access network. One apparatus includes a transceiver that communicates with a mobile communication network (“MCN”) via a trusted non-3GPP access network (“TNAN”) and a processor that receives a message that starts an EAP session with an access gateway in the TNAN. Here, the EAP session facilitates the establishment of a NAS signaling connection between the apparatus and the MCN and to encapsulate NAS messages exchanged between the apparatus and an AMF in the MCN. The processor receives an EAP notification request from the access gateway before the EAP session is completed. Here, the EAP notification request including at least one access parameter. The processor sends an EAP notification response and completes the EAP session.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for determining remote unit behavior parameters. One method includes receiving a message including parameters associated with an application in a remote unit. The method includes determining a first set of parameters including a first portion of the parameters, wherein each parameter of the first set of parameters corresponds to a remote unit behavior. The method includes determining a second set of parameters including a second portion of the parameters, wherein each parameter of the second set of parameters corresponds to a service behavior. The method includes associating the second set of parameters with a data network name, a single network slice selection assistance information, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for gateway selection. One apparatus identifies a country in which the apparatus is currently located and transmits a query to a DNS server if the apparatus not being located in a home country, the query identifying the country in which the apparatus is currently located and receives a query response from the DNS server. The apparatus determines that gateway selection is mandated in the country if it receives a query response containing one or more records and selects a first gateway in a VPLMN indicated by the one or more records, each record indicating a VPLMN in the country. The apparatus determines that gateway selection is not mandated in the country if the query response contains no records and selects a second gateway, the second gateway selected in a VPLMN indicated in stored gateway selection information.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for providing enhanced QoS via a non-3GPP access network. One apparatus includes a transceiver communicates with a gateway function in a non-3GPP access network. The apparatus includes a processor that receives a create security association request for each of at least one security association. Here, each create security association request includes additional QoS information for the security association. The processor reserves, for each create security association request, at least one access resource in the access network based on the additional QoS information and sends a create security association response to the gateway function for each create security association request, each create security association response indicating whether the corresponding security association is accepted.