Abstract: In an example, an apparatus comprises a sealed container containing a dipolar gas. The apparatus also comprises a first transmit antenna, a second transmit antenna, and a receive antenna each communicatively coupled to the sealed container. The apparatus also comprises a control circuit including a transceiver, the control circuit having a first transmit output, a second transmit output, and a receive input, the first transmit output coupled to the first transmit antenna, the second transmit output coupled to the second transmit antenna, and the receive input coupled to the receive antenna.

Abstract: A method of aligning optical signals in a fiber optic switching device with one or two phase light modulators (PLMs) includes configuring the phase elements of the PLMs with first initial settings, to direct an optical signal from an input fiber to an output fiber. An initial position displacement of a center of the signal image from a center of the output fiber is estimated. Corrected settings for the phase elements are calculated so that when the corrected settings are applied to the phase elements, a corrected signal image of the optical signal has a corrected position displacement from the center of the output fiber that is less than the initial position displacement. A fiber optic switching device has processing circuitry and a memory component configured to execute steps of the method of aligning the optical signals.

Abstract: A light intensity modulator includes an input optical fiber; an output optical fiber; an optical arrangement having a lens, where the optical arrangement is configured to receive light from the input optical fiber, pass the light through the lens, and direct the light to the output optical fiber; and a piezoelectric device coupled to the lens, where the piezoelectric device is configured for moving the lens to alter overlap of the output optical fiber and the light directed to the output optical fiber to modulate intensity of light in the output optical fiber.

Abstract: In a clock apparatus, a signal waveguide includes: a gas cell having a sealed interior; and a dipolar gas inside the sealed interior. A first apparatus is configured to provide a first electromagnetic wave through the sealed interior along a first direction. A second apparatus is configured to provide a second electromagnetic wave through the sealed interior along a second direction, in which the second direction is opposite the first direction. Also, the clock apparatus includes receiving apparatus coupled to the signal waveguide and configured to detect an amount of energy in the second electromagnetic wave passing through the dipolar gas.

Abstract: In some examples, an apparatus comprises a substrate, an interposer mechanically coupled to the substrate, a gas cell on at least part of the interposer, and a plate on the gas cell and mechanically coupled to the interposer. Some examples of the apparatus are configured to be millimeter wave devices.

Abstract: In an example, a system includes a BAW resonator. The system also includes a first heater configured to heat the BAW resonator, where the first heater is controlled by a first control loop. The system includes a circuit coupled to the BAW resonator. The system also includes a second heater configured to heat the circuit, where the second heater is controlled by a second control loop.

Abstract: A compact mmW spectroscopy cell system for detecting volatile organic compounds (compounds) in a gas. The system includes a gas collection chamber, an input buffer cavity for receiving the gas from the gas collection chamber, pumping devices to pass the gas from the buffer cavity to an absorption cell and maintain pressure, and a transceiver connected to the cell. The transceiver interrogates the absorption cell filled with the gas by passing a high frequency electromagnetic signal and sweeping the signal to generate an absorption spectra which is compared to a spectroscopy database for detecting the compounds in the gas. The absorption cell, collection chambers, and pumping devices are fabricated with standard CMOS processing techniques at chip and wafer scale. The transceiver bonded to the absorption cell with chip scale integration.

Abstract: In a described example, an apparatus includes a first substrate having a first side, a second side, and a coupling interface across a portion of the first side. The coupling interface including an arrangement of subwavelength periodic structures formed in the first substrate. A second substrate is coupled to a portion of the second side of the first substrate to form a sealed cavity aligned with the coupling interface.

Abstract: A millimeter wave apparatus, with a substrate, a transceiver in a first fixed position relative to the substrate, and a gas cell in a second fixed position relative to the substrate. The clock apparatus also comprises at least four waveguides.

Abstract: In an example, a system includes a BAW resonator. The system also includes a first heater configured to heat the BAW resonator, where the first heater is controlled by a first control loop. The system includes a circuit coupled to the BAW resonator. The system also includes a second heater configured to heat the circuit, where the second heater is controlled by a second control loop.

Abstract: A stackable molecular spectroscopy cell includes a hollow body, a first cap affixed to a first surface of the hollow body, covering a first opening in the hollow body, and a second cap affixed to a second surface of the hollow body, covering a second opening in the hollow body, and forming a sealed cavity within the hollow body. The sealed cavity contains a dipolar gas having a pressure of less than 0.5 mbar. The stackable molecular spectroscopy cell also includes a metal layer covering an inner surface of the hollow body and an inner surface of the first and second caps, including a first aperture in the metal layer covering the inner surface of the first cap and a second aperture in the metal layer covering the inner surface of the second cap.

Abstract: A magnetic field measurement system includes a magnetometer having at least one vapor cell, at least one light source to direct at least two light beams through the vapor cell(s), and at least one detector; at least one magnetic field generator to modify an external magnetic field experienced by the vapor cell(s); and at least one processor configured for: applying a first modulation pattern, bmod(t), to the magnetic field generator(s) to modulate a magnetic field at the vapor cell(s), where bmod(t)=[cx cos(?t)+sx sin(?t), cy cos(?t)+sy sin(?t), cz cos(?t)+sz sin(?t)], where cx, sx, cy, sy, cz, and sz are amplitudes and ? is a frequency; directing the light source(s) to direct the light beams through the vapor cell(s); receiving signals from the detector(s); and determining three orthogonal components of the external magnetic field using the received signals. Multi-frequency modulation patterns can alternatively be used.

Abstract: A magnetic field measurement system includes a magnetometer having at least one vapor cell, at least one light source to direct at least two light beams through the vapor cell(s), and at least one detector; at least one magnetic field generator to modify an external magnetic field experienced by the vapor cell(s); and at least one processor configured for: applying a first modulation pattern, bmod(t), to the magnetic field generator(s) to modulate a magnetic field at the vapor cell(s), where bmod(t)=[cx cos(?t)+sx sin(?t), cy cos(?t)+sy sin(?t), cz cos(?t)+sz sin(?t)], where cx, sx, cy, sy, cz, and sz are amplitudes and ? is a frequency; directing the light source(s) to direct the light beams through the vapor cell(s); receiving signals from the detector(s); and determining three orthogonal components of the external magnetic field using the received signals. Multi-frequency modulation patterns can alternatively be used.

Abstract: In described examples, a magnetic sensor includes a waveguide that encapsulates dipolar molecules. A mm-wave electromagnetic field is launched into the waveguide, travels through the dipolar molecules, and is then received after passing through the dipolar molecules. The frequency of the mm-wave electromagnetic signal is swept across a range that includes an intrinsic quantum rotational state transition frequency (Fr) for the dipolar molecules. Absorption peaks in accordance with the Zeeman effect are determined. A strength of a magnetic field affecting the magnetic sensor is proportional to a difference in the frequencies of the absorption peaks.

Abstract: A light intensity modulator includes an input optical fiber; an output optical fiber; an optical arrangement having a lens, where the optical arrangement is configured to receive light from the input optical fiber, pass the light through the lens, and direct the light to the output optical fiber; and a piezoelectric device coupled to the lens, where the piezoelectric device is configured for moving the lens to alter overlap of the output optical fiber and the light directed to the output optical fiber to modulate intensity of light in the output optical fiber.

Abstract: In described examples, a magnetic sensor includes a waveguide that encapsulates dipolar molecules. A mm-wave electromagnetic field is launched into the waveguide, travels through the dipolar molecules, and is then received after passing through the dipolar molecules. The frequency of the mm-wave electromagnetic signal is swept across a range that includes an intrinsic quantum rotational state transition frequency (Fr) for the dipolar molecules. Absorption peaks in accordance with the Zeeman effect are determined. A strength of a magnetic field affecting the magnetic sensor is proportional to a difference in the frequencies of the absorption peaks.

Abstract: A system includes first and second gas cells each comprising a respective sealed interior waveguide; first transmit antenna coupled to the first gas cell to provide a first electromagnetic wave to the first gas cell along a first direction; second transmit antenna coupled to the first gas cell to provide a second electromagnetic wave to the first gas cell along a second direction opposite the first direction; third transmit antenna coupled to the second gas cell to provide a third electromagnetic wave to the second gas cell; first receive antenna coupled to the first gas cell to generate a first signal indicative of an amount of energy in first electromagnetic wave; second receive antenna coupled to the second gas cell to generate a second signal indicative of an amount of energy in second electromagnetic wave; and processor to calculate a background-free signal based on a difference between first and second signals.

Abstract: A millimeter wave apparatus, with a substrate, a transceiver in a first fixed position relative to the substrate, and a gas cell in a second fixed position relative to the substrate. The clock apparatus also comprises at least four waveguides.

Abstract: A system includes first and second gas cells, each comprising a respective sealed interior waveguide. The first gas cell contains a dipolar gas and the second gas cell does not contain a dipolar gas. The system includes first and second transmit antennas coupled to the first and second gas cells, respectively, to provide first and second electromagnetic waves to the interior of the first and second gas cells, respectively; first receive antenna coupled to the first gas cell to generate a first signal indicative of an amount of energy in the first electromagnetic wave after travel through the first gas cell; second receive antenna coupled to the second gas cell to generate a second signal indicative of an amount of energy in the second electromagnetic wave after travel through the second gas cell; processor configured to calculate a background-free signal based on a difference between the first and second signals.

Abstract: A millimeter wave apparatus, with a substrate, a transceiver in a first fixed position relative to the substrate, and a gas cell in a second fixed position relative to the substrate. The clock apparatus also comprises at least four waveguides.