Abstract: A cryogenic rectification system wherein some or all of the refrigeration necessary to drive the rectification is generated by providing a pulse to a gas and then passing the compressed gas to a pulse tube wherein the gas expands in a wave generating refrigeration at one end of the pulse tube for transfer into the rectification system.

Abstract: A method for generating refrigeration for application to a heat load, especially at very cold temperatures, using an environmentally benign working gas such as air and using an upstream precooling circuit to reduce or eliminate inefficiencies stemming from warm end pinch.

Abstract: A system for effectively generating refrigeration for use in putting a product fluid into an ultra cold condition wherein an active magnetic regenerator or a multicomponent refrigerant fluid cycle is integrated with a pulse tube system for receiving heat generated by the pulse tube system.

Abstract: A method for providing refrigeration such as to an insulated enclosure wherein a defined multicomponent refrigerant fluid undergoes a phase change coupled with Joule-Thomson expansion to generate refrigeration over a wide temperature range which may comprise from ambient to low temperatures.

Abstract: A cryogenic rectification method wherein both nitrogen gas and liquid are efficiently produced from air employing one or two columns wherein refrigeration to drive the cryogenic separation is provided by a, preferably closed loop, multicomponent refrigerant fluid refrigeration circuit.

Abstract: A method for more efficiently cooling and liquefying industrial gas wherein refrigeration for the cooling and liquefaction is generated using first and second defined multicomponent refrigerant fluids in separate refrigeration circuits to cover a wide temperature range from ambient to cryogenic temperature.

Abstract: A method for generating refrigeration, especially over a wide temperature range including cryogenic temperatures, wherein a non-toxic, non-flammable and low or non-ozone-depleting mixture is formed from defined components and maintained in variable load form through compression, cooling, expansion and warming steps in a refrigeration cycle.

Abstract: A system for cooling a fluid particularly to a cryogenic temperature wherein a multicomponent refrigerant fluid is partially condensed, the liquid used to generate refrigeration to cool the product by recycle into an upstream portion of the warming leg of the refrigeration circuit, and the vapor, having a different composition than the liquid, is used to generate refrigeration at a colder temperature for further cooling of the product.

Abstract: A method for more efficiently liquefying industrial gas wherein refrigeration for the liquefaction is generated using a defined multicomponent refrigerant fluid and provided by a single flow circuit over a wide temperature range from ambient to cryogenic temperature.

Abstract: A method for liquefying an industrial gas wherein a portion of the requisite refrigeration is generated by a multicomponent refrigerant circuit and a portion is generated by turboexpansion of either a portion of the industrial gas or a portion of the multicomponent refrigerant.

Abstract: A method and system for separating one or more components from gas mixtures uses a moving bed of adsorption material particles under continuous and substantially isobaric pressure conditions. Contaminated gases are likewise purified by removing one or more contaminants therefrom using such a moving bed of adsorption material particles under continuous and substantially isobaric pressure conditions.

Abstract: A cooling system includes a unit for processing product to be cooled or frozen. A secondary refrigeration loop is connected to this unit and introduces a refrigerant at or near atmospheric pressure into the unit. The secondary refrigeration loop may be open or closed. The secondary loop includes a secondary heat exchanger for cooling the refrigerant. A primary, closed refrigeration loop, operating at a pressure of not less than 2 atmospheres, includes a forward flow path which comprises a primary refrigerant compressor for producing compressed primary refrigerant, a primary heat exchanger for receiving and cooling the compressed primary refrigerant and an expander for further cooling and transferring the compressed refrigerant to the secondary heat exchanger to enable cooling of the secondary refrigerant. The primary loop further includes a return flow path from the secondary heat exchanger to the primary refrigerant compressor and to the primary heat exchanger.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a rotatable mass of structured packing for mass or heat transfer between two contacting fluids of different densities wherein the packing mass is made up of corrugated sheets of involute shape relative to the axis of the packing mass and form a logarithmic spiral curved counter to the direction of rotation.

Abstract: An improved heated fluidized bed reactor and a method of heating such reactor wherein a means defining an annular heated fluidized bed reaction zone is heated by a first heat source supplying heat to the outer periphery of the fluidized bed reaction zone and a second heat source supplying heat to the inner boundary of the annular fluidized bed reaction zone. The present invention is useful for reactions carried out in a fluidized bed reactor, such as the pyrolysis of silane containing gas into silicon.

Abstract: This invention pertains to a method and apparatus for cooling and freezing of organic-comprised articles which makes use of liquid cryogen and of chilled gases from a mechanical refrigeration system to provide an economical process for reducing the temperature of the article. The article is contacted with a liquid cryogen and subsequently contacted with circulating cold gases in the mechanical refrigeration system. The improvement relates to the method and apparatus for producing the cold gases which are used in the mechanical refrigeration system; the method comprises using the cryogen vapors generated upon contact of the articles with the liquid cryogen as an indirect heat exchange fluid for removing heat from heat exchange fluids used in the mechanical refrigeration system. This indirect heat transfer using cryogen vapors supplements cooling of the mechanical refrigeration system cold gases by the mechanical refrigeration system chiller.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a method and apparatus to be used in the cryogenic fast freezing of organic comprised articles such a biologicals and foodstuffs. The method enables control of the time-temperature profile of an article as it progresses through the freezing process, and thus provides the highest quality frozen article. The method requires at least two applications of liquid cryogen to the surface of the article during the freezing process, wherein the applications of liquid cryogen are spaced in time in a manner which essentially prevents thermal cracking and embrittlement of portions of the article, while simultaneously ensuring that a frozen crust which operates as a barrier to water conduction or transmission out of the article remains on the articles throughout the freezing process. In addition, the method and apparatus provide an improved efficiency of operation in terms of utilization of the cryogenic medium within the freezing process.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for quick-filling a full charge of compressed natural gas into an adsorbent filled cylinder.

Abstract: A vacuum insulation panel comprising a defined dual layered enclosure encasing a defined compressed fiberglass substrate which enables easy and effective insulation of large equipment with improved system flexibility and integrity.

Abstract: A process to adbsorb a single component from a gaseous stream comprising passing the gaseous stream sequentially in contact with separate and distinct adsorbent masses wherein not all of the component is removed in a single adsorbent mass. The process exhibits improved overall efficiency over conventional single component processes.

Abstract: An insulation system, and method of fabricating insulating means, comprising insulating material having good heat transfer resistance at pressures between 1 and 500 microns of mercury, and hydrophobic molecular sieve adsorbent having a water capacity of less than 12 percent.