Abstract: A control device includes a differential amplifying circuit for obtaining a difference between values of exciting currents (exciting voltage values) supplied to a pair of axial electromagnets and a pair of radial electromagnets, multiplying the obtained difference by coefficient times, and outputting it as the bearing load in an axial direction and a radial direction. The exciting current includes steady current supplied to the axial electromagnets and the radial electromagnets and control current which varies by the displacement of a main shaft. By supplying the steady current to the axial electromagnets and the radial electromagnets, the magnetic attraction force of the axial electromagnets and the radial electromagnets having non-linearity is linearly approximated. Accordingly, the difference between the values of the exciting currents (exciting voltages) supplied to a pair of electromagnets is obtained and is multiplied by coefficient times, thereby obtaining a value corresponding to the bearing load.

Abstract: System(s) and method(s) to probe electromagnetic fields at the surface of a solid-state material are provided. The technique combines ultrafast (e.g., less than 10 fs) optical excitation and electron microscopy to generate electronic excitations and image the ensuing electromagnetic fields with nanometer-scale spatial resolution and femtosecond time-scale resolution. In addition, time-of-flight energy analysis facilitates imaging of relaxation a generated electronic excitation. The dynamics of the electromagnetic fields can be probed interferometrically through generation of multi-frame imaging, with inter-frame frequency of the order of a few hundreds of attoseconds, of interference patterns among an electric field associated with an excitation in a sample or device and the electromagnetic field of a probe pulse coherent with an excitation pulse.

Abstract: A grinding wheel formed on an outer peripheral surface with a grinding surface is attached to a grinding wheel spindle supported by axial active magnetic bearings and radial active magnetic bearings in a noncontact manner axially and radially and rotated by an electric motor. A casing is axially positioned and then is radially moved and a ground part of a workpiece is ground. Before the casing moves radially and the grinding wheel comes in contact with the workpiece, the stiffness value of the radial magnetic bearings is set to an initialization value lower than a value at the usual grinding time and after the grinding surface of the grinding wheel comes in contact with the workpiece, the stiffness value of the radial magnetic bearings is set to a value higher than the initialization value for grinding the workpiece.

Abstract: A control device includes a differential amplifying circuit for obtaining a difference between values of exciting currents (exciting voltage values) supplied to a pair of axial electromagnets and a pair of radial electromagnets, multiplying the obtained difference by coefficient times, and outputting it as the bearing load in an axial direction and a radial direction. The exciting current includes steady current supplied to the axial electromagnets and the radial electromagnets and control current which varies by the displacement of a main shaft. By supplying the steady current to the axial electromagnets and the radial electromagnets, the magnetic attraction force of the axial electromagnets and the radial electromagnets having non-linearity is linearly approximated. Accordingly, the difference between the values of the exciting currents (exciting voltages) supplied to a pair of electromagnets is obtained and is multiplied by coefficient times, thereby obtaining a value corresponding to the bearing load.

Abstract: The control device displaces the main shaft in the axial direction and in the radial direction within the range of the gap between the rib member of the main shaft and the axial magnetic bearing and the gap between the main shaft and the radial magnetic bearings, by controlling the attraction forces of the axial electromagnets and the radial electromagnets, whereby the main shaft can be positioned. By controlling the axial magnetic. bearing and the radial magnetic bearings, it becomes possible to freely displace only the main shaft in the axial direction and in the radial direction, and therefore, the main shaft can be positioned at high speed and with high precision. Moreover, there is no necessity of providing the feeding mechanism in which the ball screw mechanism and linear motor etc. are employed for the purpose of displacing the magnetic bearing spindle device, and hence, reduction of the production cost for the grinding apparatus can be achieved.

Abstract: In a spindle apparatus for a machine tool, a spindle is supported on a housing by support-purpose bearing devices, and is rotated by an electric motor, and a tool is attached to a tool attaching portion formed at a distal end of the spindle. A radial magnetic bearing for vibration suppressing purposes which includes a plurality of electromagnets is provided around the tool attaching portion of the spindle. A plurality of radial displacement sensors for detecting a displacement of the tool attaching portion in radial directions are provided around the tool attaching portion. There is provided an electromagnet control unit for controlling the electromagnets of the radial magnetic bearing on the basis of outputs of the radial displacement sensors so as to support the tool attaching portion in a predetermined position.

Abstract: A grinding wheel having a convex grinding surface is attached to a wheel spindle that is contactlessly supported by a casing through a controlled type axial magnetic bearing and controlled type radial magnetic bearings and that is rotated by an electric motor. A groove of a workpiece is ground by causing relative displacement of the casing. After the axial positioning of the casing is performed, the casing is radially displaced. Then, the groove is ground. The stiffness value of the axial magnetic bearing 6 is set to be lower than a normal value before the casing is radially displaced. After it is detected that the grinding surface of the grinding wheel touches the entire groove of the workpiece and that the grinding of the entire surface of the workpiece is started, the stiffness value is set back to the normal value.

Abstract: The present invention provides cell populations that are enriched for mesendoderm and mesoderm, and cell populations that are enriched for endoderm. The cell populations of the invention are useful for generating cells for cell replacement therapy.

Abstract: A projection type image display apparatus of the invention is equipped with a lamp cooling mechanism, which has a duct (121) for guiding the air sent from an air intake fan (12) in the forward direction from a position lateral to a lamp (16). The duct (121) has a curved wall (122) for directing the air in the duct (121) to the air intake port (164) formed near the open end of the lamp (16). The lamp cooling mechanism has a further guide plate (123) for spreading the air stream directed by the curved section (122) over the region from the tip (161b) to the luminous section (161a) of the lamp (16). As a consequence, relevant sections of the lamp (16) can be efficiently cooled, thereby simultaneously enabling uprating of power of the light source unit and downsizing and lightening of the image display apparatus without supplying the fan (12) with a large amount of power.

Abstract: An image display apparatus has a first exhaust fan (13) for mainly exhausting air from a light source unit (9) and discharging the air to the outside of the image display apparatus and a second exhaust fan (14) for mainly exhausting air from a power supply unit (11) and discharging the air to the outside of said image display apparatus. The inspiration face of the second exhaust fan is arranged to partly overlap the expiration face of the first exhaust fan. Accordingly, the internal temperature of the image display apparatus, and hence the temperature of the exhaust air, can be efficiently reduced, and at the same time fan noise of the fans can be reduced. As a result, uprating of power of the light source unit and downsizing of an image display apparatus can be simultaneously achieved.

Abstract: A projection type image display apparatus of the invention has a lamp mounting mechanism, which has an aluminum lamp holder (166) intervening between the lamp (16) and the resin lamp holder (167) and has a section exposed out of the resin lamp holder (167). The lamp (16) is securely fixed in position on the aluminum lamp holder (166) by mounting the lamp (16) on the aluminum lamp holder (166) from above and then folding the top section (166d) towards the top end of the lamp (16). This lamp mounting mechanism can suppress the temperature of the resin lamp holder without providing a cooling fan with a large amount of power and suppress fan noise, thereby simultaneously enabling uprating of the power of the lamp and downsizing of the image display apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention provides cell populations that are enriched for mesendoderm and mesoderm, and cell populations that are enriched for endoderm. The cell populations of the invention are useful for generating cells for cell replacement therapy.

Abstract: There are provided an artificial joint device that can realize an artificial limb enabling twisting motion without a drive source, and when with the drive source, reduce the size and costs of the device, and a parallel linkage that can realize the device. The linkage connects a foot portion and a mounting plate spaced from each other. A fixed link has one end fixed to the plate, and the other end connected to the foot portion via a ball joint, making the angle of the fixed link relative to the foot portion changeable in any direction. Expansible links extend between the foot portion and the plate in an expansible/contractible manner and each have opposite ends connected to the plate and the foot portion via respective upper and lower ball joints, making respective angles thereof relative to the foot portion and the plate changeable in any direction.

Abstract: An electrophotographic toner is formed as a blend of toner particles and external additives. The external additives include (1) first inorganic fine particles having an average primary particle size of 80-800 nm of oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, zinc and zirconium, (2) second inorganic fine particles other than silica having an average primary particle size of below 80 nm and (3) silica fine particles having an average primary particle size of below 30 nm. As a result, the toner can be made free from difficulties, such as melt-sticking onto an image-bearing member in a low humidity environment, roughening of halftone images in a low humidity environment, toner blot-down after storage at high temperatures or in continuous image formation on a large number of sheets, fog in continuous formations of images of low color area percentage in a low humidity environment, and re-transfer in multi-color image formation.

Abstract: An electrophotographic toner is formed as a blend of toner particles and external additives. The external additives include (1) first inorganic fine particles having an average primary particle size of 80-800 nm of oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, zinc and zirconium, (2) second inorganic fine particles other than silica having an average primary particle size of below 80 nm and (3) silica fine particles having an average primary particle size of below 30 nm. As a result, the toner can be made free from difficulties, such as melt-sticking onto an image-bearing member in a low humidity environment, roughening of halftone images in a low humidity environment, toner blot-down after storage at high temperatures or in continuous image formation on a large number of sheets, fog in continuous formations of images of low color area percentage in a low humidity environment, and retransfer in multi-color image formation.

Abstract: An electrophotographic toner is formed as a blend of toner particles and external additives. The external additives include (1) first inorganic fine particles having an average primary particle size of 80-800 nm of oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, zinc and zirconium, (2) second inorganic fine particles other than silica having an average primary particle size of below 80 nm and (3) silica fine particles having an average primary particle size of below 30 nm. As a result, the toner can be made free from difficulties, such as melt-sticking onto an image-bearing member in a low humidity environment, roughening of halftone images in a low humidity environment, toner blot-down after storage at high temperatures or in continuous image formation on a large number of sheets, fog in continuous formations of images of low color area percentage in a low humidity environment, and re-transfer in multi-color image formation.

Abstract: An electrophotographic toner is formed as a blend of toner particles and external additives. The external additives include (1) first inorganic fine particles having an average primary particle size of 80-800 nm of oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, zinc and zirconium, (2) second inorganic fine particles other than silica having an average primary particle size of below 80 nm and (3) silica fine particles having an average primary particle size of below 30 nm. As a result, the toner can be made free from difficulties, such as melt-sticking onto an image-bearing member in a low humidity environment, roughening of halftone images in a low humidity environment, toner blot-down after storage at high temperatures or in continuous image formation on a large number of sheets, fog in continuous formations of images of low color area percentage in a low humidity environment, and re-transfer in multi-color image formation.

Abstract: A redundant memory system makes it possible to replace a failed one of memory modules incorporated with a new memory sub-module during the energized or in-service state even if the OS used in a system does not support the memory redundancy function. This memory system includes memory modules inserted into respective slots, and a memory controller connected to the slots and providing redundancy. The controller defines one of the modules as a parity memory and its remainder as data memories. A first parity code is generated from desired data to be stored and written into the parity memory while the desired data are written into the respective data memories. The desired data are read from the respective data memories and the first parity code is read from the parity memory to thereby conduct a parity check operation and an error correction operation of the desired data using the desired data and the first parity code, resulting in the redundancy.

Abstract: An electrophotographic toner is formed as a blend of toner particles and external additives. The external additives include (1) first inorganic fine particles having an average primary particle size of 80-800 nm of oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, zinc and zirconium, (2) second inorganic fine particles other than silica having an average primary particle size of below 80 nm and (3) silica fine particles having an average primary particle size of below 30 nm. As a result, the toner can be made free from difficulties, such as melt-sticking onto an image-bearing member in a low humidity environment, roughening of halftone images in a low humidity environment, toner blot-down after storage at high temperatures or in continuous image formation on a large number of sheets, fog in continuous formations of images of low color area percentage in a low humidity environment, and re-transfer in multi-color image formation.

Abstract: An electrophotographic toner is formed as a blend of toner particles and external additives. The external additives include (1) first inorganic fine particles having an average primary particle size of 80-800 nm of oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, zinc and zirconium, (2) second inorganic fine particles other than silica having an average primary particle size of below 80 nm and (3) silica fine particles having an average primary particle size of below 30 nm. As a result, the toner can be made free from difficulties, such as melt-sticking onto an image-bearing member in a low humidity environment, roughening of halftone images in a low humidity environment, toner blot-down after storage at high temperatures or in continuous image formation on a large number of sheets, fog in continuous formations of images of low color area percentage in a low humidity environment, and re-transfer in multi-color image formation.