Abstract: A double skin structure of a railcar bodyshell includes: a harmonica type structural portion in which a closed space is quadrangular when viewed from a car longitudinal direction; and a truss type structural portion which is located adjacent to the harmonica type structural portion and in which a closed space is triangular when viewed from the car longitudinal direction. A thickness reduced portion is formed in at least one of a region between a car width direction middle portion of a roof bodyshell and a car body circumferential direction middle portion of a cantrail. The thickness reduced portion having a bodyshell thickness that is made small by arranging an inner wall of the thickness reduced portion at a car exterior side of the inner wall of a region adjacent to the region in which the thickness reduced portion is formed.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus to form a toner image on a recording material includes a photosensitive member and an optical scanning unit. The optical scanning unit includes an optical scanning unit, an optical box, a cover member, and a moving unit movable to an outside of the image forming apparatus. The optical scanning unit and the moving unit are arranged so that the moving unit and the optical scanning unit are opposed to each other when the moving unit is located in an inside of the image forming apparatus. The optical scanning unit is disposed so as to allow a user to touch the optical scanning unit through a space generated in the inside of the image forming apparatus when the moving unit is moved to the outside of the image forming apparatus. Between the optical box and the cover member, the cover member is opposed to the moving unit.

Abstract: A laser marking method of performing marking by irradiating an object made of a resin with laser light, the laser marking method including: a first step of melting of carbonizing a first region of the object; and a second step of engraving a mark by irradiating a second region in the first region with the laser light.

Abstract: An impact transmitting structure includes: a first member provided at an end portion of a first car; and a second member provided at an end portion of a second car. One of the first member and the second member is a convex member. The other of the first member and the second member is a concave member. An opposing surface of the convex member which surface is located close to the concave member has a substantially V shape that is convex in a direction toward the concave member. An opposing surface of the concave member which surface is located close to the convex member has a substantially V shape that is concave in a direction away from the convex member. A tip end angle of the convex member is smaller than an opening angle of the concave member.

Abstract: In a turbine designing method attendant on a material change of a rotor disk of a turbine rotor, let a time require for a temperature of the rotor disk to reach from a first temperature to a second temperature at the time of starting of a turbine be temperature rise time, and let a distance between surfaces on an upstream side and a downstream side of the rotor disk be inter-surface distance, then the turbine designing method includes: determining a temperature rise time ratio that is a desired ratio of the temperature rise time after the material change to the temperature rise time before the material change, determining the inter-surface distance after the material change on the basis of the determined temperature rise time, determining a shape of the rotor disk after the material change on the basis of the determined inter-surface distance, and designing the turbine while reflecting the determined shape of the rotor disk on the turbine rotor.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an exposure unit provided with a rotatable polygon mirror including a plurality of reflecting surfaces and scanning a light beam emitted from a light source, to expose a photosensitive member with the light beam according to an image information. A determining unit determines an end of lifetime of the exposure unit based on a detecting result of density of a toner image detected by two detecting units at a first timing and a detecting result of density of the toner image detected by the two detecting units at a second timing after the first timing.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to a substrate processing apparatus. In one embodiment, a substrate processing apparatus includes a plurality of process units. The process unit includes a process chamber for processing a substrate, an exhaust conduit connected to the process chamber and an exhaust pump arranged in the path of the exhaust conduit. The substrate processing apparatus further includes a connecting conduit connected to the exhaust conduits of the process units in the upstream of the exhaust pump and a switching unit which switches an exhaust path of the process chamber to the other exhaust pump in the other process unit via the connecting conduit.

Abstract: There is provided a technique that includes forming a film containing silicon, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen on a substrate by performing a cycle a predetermined number of times, the cycle including: forming a first layer containing silicon, carbon, and nitrogen by performing a set a predetermined number of times, the set including: supplying a first precursor, which contains at least two Si—N bonds and at least one Si—C bond in one molecule, to the substrate; and supplying a second precursor, which contains nitrogen and hydrogen, to the substrate; and forming a second layer by supplying an oxidant to the substrate, to thereby oxidize the first layer.

Abstract: The spot diameter of a laser beam emitted from a first light source, passing through a first stop member, and focused on an object to be scanned is smaller than the spot diameter of a laser beam emitted from a second light source, passing through a second stop member, and focused on an object to be scanned. After the focal depth at the spot diameter of the laser beam emitted from the first light source, passing through the first stop member, and focused on the object to be scanned is adjusted by moving a first holding member holding the first light source at least in the emission direction of the laser beam from the light source, the first holding member and a housing member are bonded with an adhesive, and the first holding member is positioned and fixed to the housing member.

Abstract: An optical scanning apparatus includes first and second light sources, a rotatable polygonal mirror, a motor, first and second mirrors, first and second lenses, and a casing. Within a mounting range, a top wall of an accommodating portion is provided with at least one projection projecting toward an opening of the accommodating portion. The projection extends from a first side wall to a second side wall of the accommodating portion. The top wall includes a recess formed opposite from the projection, and is free from a portion projecting toward the opening over a range from the first side wall to the second side wall, other than the projection in the mounting range. A free end portion of the projection is in a position remoter from the opening than a reflecting surface of the rotatable polygonal mirror is with respect to a rotational axis direction of the motor.

Abstract: A carbody of a railcar includes: an underframe; a first member provided at one of vertical sides of a vertical center of the underframe, supported by the underframe, and absorbing collision energy; a second member provided at the other vertical side of the vertical center of the underframe, supported by the underframe, and contacting an obstacle when the first member is compressed by collision with the obstacle. In a case where the second member receives a reaction force from the obstacle when the first member is compressed by the collision with the obstacle, the second member transfers to the underframe a moment load that is opposite in a rotational direction to a moment load transferred to the underframe by the first member.

Abstract: An optical scanning apparatus includes an optical scanning unit which includes a first light source, a first rotatable polygonal mirror for reflecting the beam emitted from the first light source, a second light source, a second rotatable polygonal mirror for reflecting the beam emitted from the second light source; and a housing accommodating the polygonal mirrors. The housing includes only three fixed portions fixed to a fixing portion for fixing the optical scanning unit. The first rotatable polygonal mirror and the second rotatable polygonal mirror are disposed such that a rotational axis of the first rotatable polygonal mirror and a rotational axis of the second rotatable polygonal mirror are in a triangular area defined by lines connecting the three fixed portions, as viewed in a rotation axial direction of the first rotatable polygonal mirror.

Abstract: There is provided a method of forming a film with improved step coverage on a substrate by performing, a predetermined number of times, forming a first layer by supplying a halogen-free precursor having a first chemical bond cut by thermal energy at a first temperature and a second chemical bond cut by thermal energy at a second temperature lower than the first temperature and having a ratio of the number of first chemical bonds to the number of second chemical bonds in one molecule thereof, the ratio being equal to or more than 3, to the substrate at a temperature equal to or higher than the second temperature and lower than the first temperature.

Abstract: A double skin structure of a railcar bodyshell includes: a harmonica type structural portion in which a closed space is quadrangular when viewed from a car longitudinal direction; and a truss type structural portion which is located adjacent to the harmonica type structural portion and in which a closed space is triangular when viewed from the car longitudinal direction. A thickness reduced portion is formed in at least one of a region between a car width direction middle portion of a roof bodyshell and a car body circumferential direction middle portion of a cantrail. The thickness reduced portion having a bodyshell thickness that is made small by arranging an inner wall of the thickness reduced portion at a car exterior side of the inner wall of a region adjacent to the region in which the thickness reduced portion is formed.

Abstract: A collision energy absorbing device of a railcar includes: at least one outside plate constituting an outer tube having an axis extending in a car longitudinal direction; and at least one partition plate extending in the car longitudinal direction in an internal space surrounded by the at least one outside plate, the at least one partition plate fixed to the at least one outside plate and dividing the internal space. An end portion of the partition plate which portion is located at an end in a direction perpendicular to the axis is sandwiched by the at least one outside plate and constitutes a part of the outer tube.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material with sufficiently high discharge capacity at a high rate, and a negative electrode and a lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode active material. A negative electrode active material according to the invention includes a negative electrode active material particle containing silicon and silicon oxide, wherein a surface layer part of the negative electrode active material particle is a layer with lower density than a core part of the negative electrode active material particle. With such a structure of the negative electrode active material, the sufficiently high discharge capacity at a high rate can be obtained.

Abstract: There is provided a technique that includes forming a film containing silicon, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen on a substrate by performing a cycle a predetermined number of times, the cycle including: forming a first layer containing silicon, carbon, and nitrogen by performing a set a predetermined number of times, the set including: supplying a first precursor, which contains at least two Si—N bonds and at least one Si—C bond in one molecule, to the substrate; and supplying a second precursor, which contains nitrogen and hydrogen, to the substrate; and forming a second layer by supplying an oxidant to the substrate, to thereby oxidize the first layer.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an active material, capable of improving the discharge capacity of a lithium ion secondary battery is provided. The method for manufacturing an active material according to the present invention includes a first step of heating a mixture solution including a lithium source, a phosphate source, a vanadium source, and water under pressure to generate a precursor in the mixture solution, and adjusting the pH of the mixture solution including the precursor to be 6 to 8; and a second step of heating the precursor at 425 to 650° C. after the first step to generate an active material.

Abstract: An impact transmitting structure includes: a first member provided at an end portion of a first car; and a second member provided at an end portion of a second car. One of the first member and the second member is a convex member. The other of the first member and the second member is a concave member. An opposing surface of the convex member which surface is located close to the concave member has a substantially V shape that is convex in a direction toward the concave member. An opposing surface of the concave member which surface is located close to the convex member has a substantially V shape that is concave in a direction away from the convex member. A tip end angle of the convex member is smaller than an opening angle of the concave member.

Abstract: A railcar head structure includes: a roof bodyshell positioned above a driver's cab window; and an underframe. The underframe includes: a pair of side sills; and a center sill located between the side sills and extending in a car longitudinal direction. A collision post is erected on a tip end of the center sill. A pillar is provided at the driver's cab window and extends so as to divide the driver's cab window. The pillar includes one end joined to the collision post and the other end joined to the roof bodyshell and couples the roof bodyshell and the collision post to each other.