Abstract: A measuring instrument for contactless detection of an angle of rotation comprises a carrier plate (52) consisting of a magnetically soft material that serves as a rotor. The stator of the sensor comprises at least two parts, the ends (18 and 17) of which terminate in two planes. The measuring gap (M1) containing an element (20) that is sensitive to a magnetic field is located between the ends (18, 17). Due to the fact that the ends (17, 18) of the two stator parts (13, 14) terminate in different planes, the measuring element (20) can be situated in a very small measuring gap (M1) in which the magnetic flux of the magnet (5) can be concentrated.

Abstract: A method and an arrangement (15) for detecting the actuation of an operator-controlled element (1) make possible a reliable detection of an operator-controlled function to be activated by the operator-controlled element (1) independently of environmental and wear conditions. The operator-controlled element (1) can be actuated with different adjustable degrees of actuation. Various operator-controlled functions of the operator-controlled element (1) are realized in dependence upon the degree of actuation. The operator-controlled element (1) is actuated against a spring force and at least two degrees of actuation are characterized by different spring constants. The at least one of the operator-controlled functions of the operator-controlled element (1) is detected in dependence upon the spring constant assigned to the instantaneous degree of actuation.

Abstract: A protective switching device, such as a differential-current circuit breaker, having a corebalance transformer which monitors a line network and which, via a tripping circuit and an actuation circuit, actuates a release which is coupled to a switching mechanism in order to operate a power breaker. The invention provides that a tripping circuit, which can be tripped by means of a remote tripping signal, is connected to a transformer which can be actuated on the secondary side and whose primary side is connected to an actuation circuit of the release for remote tripping of the protective switching device.

Abstract: A residual current device (1), having a residual current tripping circuit (4) which is independent of the mains voltage and contains a core balance transformer (2), and having overload protection (18) arranged in an overload tripping circuit (10) which is supplied with the mains current, wherein the residual current tripping circuit (4) and the overload tripping circuit (10) contain a common tripping relay (7) for operating a switching mechanism (8) which switches a conductor network (LN).

Abstract: In order to provide a circuit breaker, in particular a residual-current circuit breaker or residual-current device, having a variable time delay, which firstly has a stable no-trip response to short-term fault currents and secondly has a particularly short tripping time both in the event of sinusoidal fault currents and in the event of non-sinusoidal fault currents, a delay circuit is provided which comprises two series-connected comparators with a time-delay module connected between them. In this case, there is a smoothing module upstream of the first comparator.

Abstract: The aim of the invention is to provide a test circuit (16) which is independent of the power supply and which enables a circuit breaker (2) to be tested in a reliable manner. To achieve this, the test circuit (16) comprises a test coil (18), which is devoid of electric potential and is wound round a totalizing current transformer (4). Said test coil is preferably short-circuited using a test switch (20) and a connectable load (R2). This simulates the occurrence of a residual current. The selection of an appropriate connectable load (R2) allows the sensitivity of the circuit breaker (2) to be tested in an advantageous manner.

Abstract: A residual current device is described that has an amplifier circuit for producing a fault voltage, which is derived from a fault current, a comparison circuit for comparing the fault voltage with a reference voltage, and a reference circuit, which is connected to a power supply unit, for producing the reference voltage as well and an operating voltage for the amplifier circuit. The residual current device also includes an arrangement that, if the output voltage from the power supply unit falls below a predetermined value, raise the reference voltage at least to the instantaneous operating voltage, at least if the fault voltage is less than the reference voltage.

Abstract: Pulsations which falsify an output signal of an air mass meter occur at low and medium rotational speeds in a unit that supplies air to an internal combustion engine. A method for adjusting the load of the internal combustion engine limits an opening angle of an electromotively adjustable throttle valve to a rotational speed-dependent opening value which includes an opening base value that is between a lower and an upper limit value. In the case of the lower limit value, the full load of the engine is reached. In the case of the upper limit value, pulsations of the air in an intake duct upstream of the throttle valve do not yet occur.

Abstract: A bearing arrangement is equipped with a radial bearing and with a roller bearing which acts purely in the axial direction. Rollers of axial bearing have a needle-like, barrel-like design. Bearing rings are provided with the corresponding profiles. When axial play develops in the bearing arrangement, rollers shift radially under the effect of gravity in one case and under the effect of centrifugal force in the other with the effect of eliminating the axial play.

Abstract: A fuel injection method for multicylinder internal combustion engines uses output signals of at least one camshaft sensor. A determination is made as a function of an engine or coolant temperature and an output signal of a camshaft sensor, in which cylinder of the internal combustion engine a fuel preinjection should take place prior to synchronization.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method and an arrangement for controlling an internal combustion engine wherein a torque reducing control of the opening times of the inlet and outlet valves of the engine and/or a torque reducing control of the geometry of the inlet or outlet systems of the engine is undertaken in the case of a drive slip control.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are provided for adapting air values from a substitute performance graph to currently prevailing variables of state of ambient air. The air values are used for controlling mixture preparation if pulsations of air occur in an intake tube of an internal combustion engine instead of using measured values supplied by an air meter. The air values are adapted by multiplying the air values by an adaptation factor. In one embodiment the adaptation factor is calculated by dividing a measured value supplied by the air meter in the intake tube of the internal combustion engine by an air value taken from the substitute performance graph and subjecting the adaptation factor to sliding averaging, at times when no pulsations are present; and using a lambda-control-average value as the adaptation factor and subjecting the adaptation factor to sliding averaging, at times when pulsations are present.

Abstract: A bearing unit consists of a radial bearing 1 and an axial bearing 2, the outer ring 3 of the radial bearing 1 being extended at one end in the axial direction to hold the axial bearing 2.So that the bearing unit is able to absorb large radial and axial forces and is reliably sealed off against contamination from the outside, the outer ring 3 of the radial bearing 1 consists of a solid piece of material, and the extension 3.sup.a of the outer ring 3 is provided, starting from the end surface 4, with a bore 4.sup.a to hold the axial bearing 2, this bore being sealed by a bearing housing cover 6, which rests against the end surface 2.sup.a of the axial bearing 2 and is connected to the outer ring 3.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes a lambda control device having a lambda sensor and a lambda control for regulating a fuel-air mixture to be supplied to an internal combustion engine to a set-point value, outside of full load operation, as a function of an output signal of the lambda sensor, and a mixture control device for setting the fuel-air mixture to a value being less than the set-point value, during full load operation of the internal combustion engine and with the lambda control switched off.

Abstract: A roller bearing cage is made of a bent strip of sheet metal having abutting ends that are connected to one another, the cage being comprised of two end rings and a cage frame surrounding the windows, the windows retaining and guiding the rollers. In order to permit the manufacture of rolling element bearing cages of different reference circle diameters while using only one tool for rolling elements with a specific diameter d, the center distance between adjacent the cage windows in the circumferential direction is .pi.d/2.

Abstract: A roller bearing cage is made of a bent strip of sheet metal having abutting ends that are connected to one another, the cage being comprised of two end rings and a cage frame surrounding the windows, the windows retaining and guiding the rollers. In order to permit the manufacture of rolling element bearing cages of different reference circle diameters while using only one tool for rolling elements with a specific diameter d, the center distance between adjacent the cage windows in the circumferential direction is .pi.d/2.

Abstract: A seal for bearings such as a bearing bushing of a universal joint having inner and outer members with confronting spaced raceways. The seal includes at least one circumferentially extending sealing lip which engages a surface of one of the members outboard of the raceway and includes stiffening or rigidifying ribs which prevents inversion of the seal upon assembling.

Abstract: A seal for sealing the space between a bearing bushing and the journal of a machine part supported therein and a seal consisting of an inner sealing ring between the bearing bushing and the journal and an outer sealing ring located between the open end of the bearing bushing and a shoulder of the machine part supported in the bearing bushing and which has an axially oriented section on the inner side facing the inner sealing ring, having a concentric bore, said inner sealing ring (12) having a sleeve-like section (22) pressed onto a stepped portion of the journal (3) and wherein said pressed-on section (22) is located in the bore (21) of the outer sealing ring (11).

Abstract: In a bearing bushing for universal joint pins, a thrust washer on the bottom of the bearing bushing has a contact surface for a plurality of cylindrical rollers and for a universal joint pin. The thrust washer has a number of recesses on the side facing away from the cylindrical rollers which are distributed around the periphery and which extend from the lateral surface in a radial direction approximately over the length of the contact surface for the cylindrical rollers. Two adjacent recesses form a projection between them in each case.

Abstract: A method and system for determining optimum ignition times with regard to engine operation in which the engine is commanded, at regular, short-time intervals, to operate under conditions which cause knocking in order to be able to sense the knock limit. This is achieved, following the occurrence of a characteristic operating parameter in conjunction with a knock signal, at a frequency which is preferably significant, by storing an appropriately-corrected ignition-time value in a set of correction data, this ignition-time value lying somewhat beneath the knock limit. If the same characteristic operating parameter recurs, an optimum ignition time is accordingly indicated, which lies slightly beneath the knock limit. This procedure enables the engine to be operated under conditions which are optimum with regard to fuel consumption, without entering the knocking range with excessive frequency.