Abstract: A method of forming a metal nanomaterial comprises forming a precursor solution comprising a metal precursor and a metal oxide precursor. A complexing agent is added to the precursor solution, and the metal precursor and the metal oxide precursor are hydrolyzed to form a sol. The sol is heated to form a gel, which is calcined to incorporate metal cations from the metal precursor into a metal oxide lattice from the metal oxide precursor. The calcined gel is exposed to a reducing agent to exsolve the metal from the metal oxide lattice and to form a metal nanomaterial comprising a metal and a metal oxide is formed. Additional methods of forming a metal nanomaterial are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of hydrogenating carbon dioxide comprises forming a tunable catalyst comprising at least one metal comprising a size within a range of from a single atom to about 999 nanometers and formulated to produce one or more carbon-containing compounds. An electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode comprising the tunable catalyst, and an electrolyte between the positive electrode and the negative electrode is formed. Carbon dioxide is introduced to the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell and a potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to selectively hydrogenate the carbon dioxide. The hydrogen ions are diffused through the electrochemical cell. The carbon dioxide at the negative electrode is hydrogenated to selectively form carbon monoxide, methane, or a desired ratio of carbon monoxide and methane. An electrochemical cell and a carbon dioxide hydrogenation system are also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode comprising a tunable catalyst formulated to selectively hydrogenate carbon dioxide, and an electrolyte between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The tunable catalyst comprising at least one metal comprising a size within a range of from a single atom to about 999 nanometers and formulated to produce one or more specific carbonaceous product. Also disclosed is an electrochemical cell comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode comprising a tunable catalyst formulated to selectively hydrogenate carbon dioxide, and an electrolyte between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The tunable catalyst comprising a transition metal catalyst dispersed and supported on an oxide of at least one lanthanide element. Further disclosed is a carbon dioxide hydrogenation system.

Abstract: A cleaning apparatus for a quartz tube includes a cleaning cover with an opening in a bottom, a base vertically assembled with the cleaning cover through movable inserting, a bearing table arranged in the base and holding the quartz tube, and a driving apparatus; a top of the cleaning cover has a first nozzle; a side wall of the cleaning cover vertically has multiple second nozzles; the bearing table vertically has an inner spray tube; a top and a side of the inner spray tube above the bearing table have multiple third nozzles; a rotary sealing apparatus is embedded in the base; the inner spray tube continuously and vertically penetrates through the bearing table and the rotary sealing apparatus; the driving apparatus drives the bearing table to rotate; the inner spray tube remains stationary during rotation of the bearing table.

Abstract: A bearing assembly includes a bearing cantilever, a supporting assembly connected to the bearing cantilever and a first driving device, where the bearing cantilever includes a bearing portion for bearing the semiconductor apparatus accommodating device, a connecting plate and a substrate, the bearing portion being composed of a bearing plate and a bearing support that are horizontally inserted, an opening for exposing a semiconductor apparatus is formed at a bottom of the semiconductor apparatus accommodating device, the bearing plate is provided with a rotatable rotating roller located below the opening, the rotating roller makes contact with an edge of the semiconductor apparatus, and the first driving device drives the rotating roller to rotate by means of a power transmission member, so as to apply a rotating force by means of the rotating roller, to an edge of the semiconductor apparatus inserted into the semiconductor apparatus accommodating device.

Abstract: A cleaning apparatus for a quartz tube includes a cleaning cover with an opening in a bottom, a base vertically assembled with the cleaning cover through movable inserting, a bearing table arranged in the base and holding the quartz tube, and a driving apparatus; a top of the cleaning cover has a first nozzle; a side wall of the cleaning cover vertically has multiple second nozzles; the bearing table vertically has an inner spray tube; a top and a side of the inner spray tube above the bearing table have multiple third nozzles; a rotary sealing apparatus is embedded in the base; the inner spray tube continuously and vertically penetrates through the bearing table and the rotary sealing apparatus; the driving apparatus drives the bearing table to rotate; the inner spray tube remains stationary during rotation of the bearing table.

Abstract: A bearing assembly includes a bearing cantilever, a supporting assembly connected to the bearing cantilever and a first driving device, where the bearing cantilever includes a bearing portion for bearing the semiconductor apparatus accommodating device, a connecting plate and a substrate, the bearing portion being composed of a bearing plate and a bearing support that are horizontally inserted, an opening for exposing a semiconductor apparatus is formed at a bottom of the semiconductor apparatus accommodating device, the bearing plate is provided with a rotatable rotating roller located below the opening, the rotating roller makes contact with an edge of the semiconductor apparatus, and the first driving device drives the rotating roller to rotate by means of a power transmission member, so as to apply a rotating force by means of the rotating roller, to an edge of the semiconductor apparatus inserted into the semiconductor apparatus accommodating device.

Abstract: A method of fabricating vertical cavity surface emitting laser, comprising: providing a first substrate formed with a dielectric DBR and a first bonding layer, and a second substrate formed with a etch-stop layer, a heavily doped layer, an active region, a current-confinement layer, and an arsenide DBR firstly, then sticking a third substrate on the arsenide DBR, then removing the second substrate and the etch-stop layer, next bonding the heavily doped layer to the dielectric DBR, next removing the third substrate, finally forming a p-type electrode contact and an n-type electrode contact.

Abstract: A method of a hydrocarbon product and ammonia comprises introducing C2H6 to a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell comprising the positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The proton-conducting membrane comprising an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10?2 S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 600° C. N2 is introduced to the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell. A potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell. A system for co-producing higher hydrocarbons and NH3, and an electrochemical cell are also described.

Abstract: A method of forming a metal nanomaterial comprises forming a precursor solution comprising a metal precursor and a metal oxide precursor. A complexing agent is added to the precursor solution, and the metal precursor and the metal oxide precursor are hydrolyzed to form a sol. The sol is heated to form a gel, which is calcined to incorporate metal cations from the metal precursor into a metal oxide lattice from the metal oxide precursor. The calcined gel is exposed to a reducing agent to exsolve the metal from the metal oxide lattice and to form a metal nanomaterial comprising a metal and a metal oxide is formed. Additional methods of forming a metal nanomaterial are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of a hydrocarbon product and ammonia comprises introducing C2H6 to a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell comprising the positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The proton-conducting membrane comprising an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10?2 S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 600° C. N2 is introduced to the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell. A potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell. A system for co-producing higher hydrocarbons and NH3, and an electrochemical cell are also described.

Abstract: A method for producing ammonia comprises introducing a first feed stream to a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell comprises the positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. A second feed stream comprising a nitrogen source is introduced to the negative electrode and a potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to produce hydrogen ions, a first product stream comprising carbon monoxide, and a second product stream comprising ammonia. Additional methods and systems are disclosed.

Abstract: A method of hydrogenating carbon dioxide comprises forming a tunable catalyst comprising at least one metal comprising a size within a range of from a single atom to about 999 nanometers and formulated to produce one or more carbon-containing compound. An electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode comprising the tunable catalyst, and an electrolyte between the positive electrode and the negative electrode is formed. Carbon dioxide is introduced to the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell and a potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to selectively hydrogenate the carbon dioxide. The hydrogen ions are diffused through the electrochemical cell. The carbon dioxide at the negative electrode is hydrogenated to selectively form carbon monoxide, methane, or a desired ratio of carbon monoxide and methane. An electrochemical cell and a carbon dioxide hydrogenation system are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of fabricating vertical cavity surface emitting laser, comprising: providing a first substrate formed with a dielectric DBR and a first bonding layer, and a second substrate formed with a etch-stop layer, a heavily doped layer, an active region, a current-confinement layer, and an arsenide DBR firstly, then sticking a third substrate on the arsenide DBR, then removing the second substrate and the etch-stop layer, next bonding the heavily doped layer to the dielectric DBR, next removing the third substrate, finally forming a p-type electrode contact and an n-type electrode contact.

Abstract: A method of a hydrocarbon product and ammonia comprises introducing C2H6 to a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell comprising the positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The proton-conducting membrane comprising an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10?2 S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 600° C. N2 is introduced to the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell. A potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell. A system for co-producing higher hydrocarbons and NH3, and an electrochemical cell are also described.

Abstract: The invention provides a type of lithium-ion battery cathode materials applicable to a high charge cut-off voltage. The cathode materials comprises two active substances of LiCoO2 and Li (NixCoyMn1-x-y)O2, where 0.3?x?0.8, 0.1?y?0.4, and 0.6?x+y?0.9. Both LiCoO2 and Li(NixCoyMn1-x-y)O2 are doped with element M and then treated by surface coating with the oxide, sulfide, fluoride of element M? or phosphate. The element M is at least one of the Mg, Ti, Al, Zr, B, La, Ce, Y, P, S, N or F while the element M? is at least one of the Al, Ti, Mg, Zr, B, Si, Fe, La, Ce or Y. The cathode materials provided herein, having the advantages of excellent cycling performance and low cell swelling against high temperature, can help to remarkably increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. The invention also discloses a lithium-ion battery containing such cathode materials.