Abstract: Disclosed is a method for obtaining a population of human Treg cells including the steps of: (a) culturing a population of human monocytes with a medium including an amount of an interleukin-34 (IL-34) polypeptide in order to obtain a population of immunosuppressive macrophages; (b) co-culturing a population of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the population of immunosuppressive macrophages obtained at step (a).

Abstract: The invention relates to an isolated interleukin-34 (IL-34) polypeptide for use in preventing or treating graft rejection, autoimmune disease, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins and allergy. The invention also provides an in vitro method for determining whether a patient is at risk of transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins or allergies, comprising a step of determining the expression level of IL-34 in a biological sample obtained from said patient, wherein the presence of IL-34 is indicative of a reduced risk of transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins or allergies.

Abstract: A method for obtaining a population of T cells from pluripotent stem cells, which includes a first step of obtaining hematopoietic stem cells and a second step of obtaining T cells. Also, the cell populations thus obtained according to this method and these cell populations for use as a medicament.

Abstract: In the field of immunotherapy, a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for-human CD45RC. Also, the immune cells expressing this CAR and the use thereof as a medicament. In particular, the use of this CAR for preventing or treating CD45RChigh-related diseases (including autoimmune diseases, undesired immune responses, monogenic diseases, lymphoma or cancer), or graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).

Abstract: Interleukin-34 is a cytokine that is involved in the differentiation and survival of macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells in response to inflammation. The involvement of IL-34 has been shown in areas as diverse as neuronal protection, autoimmune diseases, infection, cancer, and transplantation. Recent work has also demonstrated a new and possible therapeutic role for IL-34 as a Foxp3+ Treg-secreted cytokine mediator of transplant tolerance. New mutated IL-34 polypeptides have been generated, which can be used as agonists or antagonists.

Abstract: Isolated MHC-derived human peptides, particularly an isolated MHC-derived human peptide including a SDVGE-X-R (SEQ ID NO: 13) 7 amino acids motif that is selected from: NQEESVRFDSDVGEFR (Hpep 1-SEQ ID NO:1), NREEYARFDSDVGEFR (Hpep2-SEQ ID NO:2), NREEYVRFDSDVGEYR (Hpep4-SEQ ID NO:4) and any peptide with a length of 16 amino acids including the SDVGE-X-R (SEQ ID NO: 13) motif and having an amino acid sequence with at least 80, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 4. Also, the use of these peptides in methods for inducing an immune tolerance, for preventing or reducing transplant rejection or graft versus host disease (GVHD), and in methods for isolating and expanding a population of CD8+CD45RClow Tregs or for expanding a population of CD8+CD45RClow Tregs and stimulating its immunosuppressive activity.

Abstract: Isolated anti-human CD45RC antibodies or binding fragments thereof, nucleic acids and expression vector encoding the same, compositions including the same, and uses thereof as medicaments, including for the prevention and/or treatment of CD45RChigh-related diseases (including autoimmune diseases, undesired immune responses, monogenic diseases, and lymphoma or cancer), in particular for use in preventing and/or treating graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).

Abstract: The invention relates to an isolated interleukin-34 (IL-34) polypeptide for use in preventing or treating graft rejection, autoimmune disease, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins and allergy. The invention also provides an in vitro method for determining whether a patient is at risk of transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins or allergies, comprising a step of determining the expression level of IL-34 in a biological sample obtained from said patient, wherein the presence of IL-34 is indicative of a reduced risk of transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins or allergies.

Abstract: The invention relates to an isolated interleukin-34 (IL-34) polypeptide for use in preventing or treating graft rejection, autoimmune disease, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins and allergy. The invention also provides an in vitro method for determining whether a patient is at risk of transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins or allergies, comprising a step of determining the expression level of IL-34 in a biological sample obtained from said patient, wherein the presence of IL-34 is indicative of a reduced risk of transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins or allergies.

Abstract: Anti-CD45RC antibodies, for use in the treatment of monogenic diseases caused by genes not associated with immune function but whose deficiency is associated with inflammation and/or immune reactions (such as genes deficient in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), cystic fibrosis, lysosomal diseases and al-anti-trypsin deficiency); or caused by genes involved in the immune system and whose deficiency generates inflammation and/or autoimmune reactions (such as genes deficient in T-cell primary immunodeficiencies such as IPEX (immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome), APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy), B cell primary immunodeficiencies, Muckle-Wells syndrome, mixed autoinflammatory and autoimmune syndrome, NLRP12-associated hereditary periodic fever syndrome, and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 associated periodic syndrome).

Abstract: A population of highly suppressive human CD8+CD45RClow/? Tregs is characterized by expressing Foxp3 and producing IFN?, IL-10, IL-34 and TGF? to mediate their suppressive activity. Accordingly, methods capable of increasing expansion and immunosuppressive capacity of such a population of CD8+CD45RClow/? Tregs are highly desirable for therapeutic purposes. Rapamycin has been shown to increase the expansion and immunosuppressive capacities of the population of CD8+CD45RClow/? Tregs. Accordingly, the method of increasing expansion and immunosuppressive capacity of a population of CD8+CD45RClow/? Tregs includes culturing the population of CD8+CD45RClow/? Tregs in presence of a rapamycin compound.

Abstract: A method for obtaining a population of T cells from pluripotent stem cells, which includes a first step of obtaining hematopoietic stem cells and a second step of obtaining T cells. Also, the cell populations thus obtained according to this method and these cell populations for use as a medicament.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for detecting, assessing severity and treating multiple sclerosis. The inventors showed an impairment of the function of CD8+ Treg cells in MS patients and they demonstrated here that several criteria correlated with the disease severity i.e. the percentage of CD8+CD45RCintCD161lowValpha7? T cells in the blood, the secretion of IFNg and IL10 and the suppressive activity of the CD8+CD45RCintCD161lowValpha7? T cells. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for determining whether a subject has or is at risk of having multiple sclerosis comprising i) determining the percentage of CD8+CD45RCintCD161lowValpha7? T cells in a biological sample obtained from the subject, ii) comparing the percentage determined at step i) with a predetermined reference value and iii) detecting differential in the percentage determined at step i) with the predetermined reference value indicates that the subject has or is at risk of having multiple sclerosis.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for obtaining a population of human Treg cells including the steps of: (a) culturing a population of human monocytes with a medium including an amount of an interleukin-34 (IL-34) polypeptide in order to obtain a population of immunosuppressive macrophages; (b) co-culturing a population of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the population of immunosuppressive macrophages obtained at step (a).

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for obtaining a population of human Treg cells including the steps of: (a) culturing a population of human monocytes with a medium including an amount of an interleukin-34 (IL-34) polypeptide in order to obtain a population of immunosuppressive macrophages; (b) co-culturing a population of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the population of immunosuppressive macrophages obtained at step (a).

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for labeling, detecting and/or isolating Foxp3+ Treg cells from a biological sample containing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or lymphocytes including the following steps of: (i) coupling the surface of PBMC or lymphocytes to a capture moiety which binds to the cell through a cell surface molecule and to interleukin-34 (IL34), (ii) culturing the lymphocytes under conditions wherein IL34 is secreted, released and specifically captured by the capture moiety, (iii) labeling the IL34 expressing lymphocytes with a label moiety, and (iv) optionally detecting and/or isolating the IL34 expressing lymphocytes which are Foxp3+ Treg cells. Also disclosed is an isolated population of Foxp3+ Treg cells obtainable by the method and uses thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to an isolated interleukin-34 (IL-34) polypeptide for use in preventing or treating graft rejection, autoimmune disease, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins and allergy. The invention also provides an in vitro method for determining whether a patient is at risk of transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins or allergies, comprising a step of determining the expression level of IL-34 in a biological sample obtained from said patient, wherein the presence of IL-34 is indicative of a reduced risk of transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins or allergies.

Abstract: The invention relates to an isolated interleukin-34 (IL-34) polypeptide for use in preventing or treating graft rejection, autoimmune disease, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins and allergy. The invention also provides an in vitro method for determining whether a patient is at risk of transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins or allergies, comprising a step of determining the expression level of IL-34 in a biological sample obtained from said patient, wherein the presence of IL-34 is indicative of a reduced risk of transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, unwanted immune response against therapeutic proteins or allergies.

Abstract: The invention relates to an peptide derived from a polymorphic region of donor MHC class II molecules which induces tolerance and thus prevents transplant rejection in a patient in need thereof. The invention relates to isolated peptide of length ranging between 11 and 16 amino acids comprising the amino acid sequence: SDVGEYR (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a function-conservative variant thereof for use as drug. The invention relates to an in vitro method for determining whether a transplanted patient is tolerant, comprising a step of determining the presence of CD8+CD45RClow Tregs in a biological sample obtained from said transplanted patient, wherein the presence of CD8+CD45RClow Tregs is indicative of tolerance.

Abstract: The invention relates to an peptide derived from a polymorphic region of donor MHC class II molecules which induces tolerance and thus prevents transplant rejection in a patient in need thereof. The invention relates to an isolated peptide of 15 or 16 amino acids long that comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence: REEYARFDSDVGEYR (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a function-conservative variant for use as drug. The invention relates to an in vitro method for determining whether a transplanted patient is tolerant, comprising a step of determining the presence of CD8+CD45RClow Tregs in a biological sample obtained from said transplanted patient, wherein the presence of CD8+CD45RClow Tregs is indicative of tolerance.