Abstract: A method for diagnosing charging state may include a diagnostic trouble code generation step of generating a diagnostic trouble code (DTC) when the state for charging a battery from an alternator is abnormal in the state in which the alternator is operating to charge the battery while a vehicle is traveling, and then storing diagnostic trouble code in an ECU (Electronic Control Unit), and a diagnostic trouble code release step of deleting the diagnostic trouble code in the ECU when the state for charging the battery from the alternator is returned to be normal.

Abstract: A method of controlling an intermediate lock pin and cam torque response for a continuously variable valve timing system with is disclosed. The method includes entering a cam phaser control mode for controlling the middle phase CVVT when an engine starts, or performing lock pin chattering of a lock pin locking a cam at a middle position which is between an advanced position and a retarded position, by an oil pressure. A cam torque response control mode for controlling the middle phase CVVT is entered. The lock pin chattering occurs due to an intermittent oil flow supplying to the lock pin.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for fabricating slanted copper nanorods. The method includes manufacturing a workpiece configured to include an etch stop layer on a wafer, placing the workpiece in a slanted position, and etching the slanted workpiece, forming a copper (Cu) layer on the slanted workpiece by plating, removing an over-plated portion from the copper layer, and removing a polysilicon (poly Si) excluding copper from the surface of the workpiece. According to the invention, copper nanorod structures having a uniform array can be fabricated in a large area at a high process yield compared to conventional methods. In addition, the angle and diameter of copper nanorods can be controlled as desired so that the applicability thereof can be greatly increased. Moreover, the present invention can be applied to processes for fabricating various devices, including semiconductor devices, MEMSs (microelectromechanical systems), optical devices, gas sensors, display devices, etc.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of fabricating a three-dimensional copper nanostructure, including manufacturing a specimen configured to include a SiO2 mask; performing multi-directional slanted plasma etching to form a three-dimensional etching structure layer on the specimen; performing plating so that a multi-directional slanted plasma etched portion of the specimen is filled with a metal; removing an over-plated portion and the SiO2 mask from the metal layer; and removing a portion of a surface of the specimen other than the metal which is the three-dimensional etching structure layer.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and a system for diagnosing failure of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine that can diagnose a device (or part) causing failure through forcible driving control of a related device (or part) when failure occurs in the GDI engine. The method for diagnosing failure of a GDI engine may include verifying whether a failure code is output from an engine control unit that controls the engine, and diagnosing whether a fuel system device is in a failure state by forcibly driving the fuel system device of the engine with a set control value when the failure code is output from the engine control unit.

Abstract: A method of controlling banks in a vehicle using cylinder deactivation (CDA) may include determining whether the CDA of an engine of the vehicle is turned on or off, determining whether a temperature of a catalyst is below a predetermined temperature if it is determined that the CDA is turned on, switching from a second bank including first, third and fifth cylinders to a first bank including second, fourth and sixth cylinders or from the first bank to the second bank if it is determined that the temperature of the catalyst is below the predetermined temperature, so that the first and second banks maintain the temperature of the catalyst above the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of fabricating a three-dimensional copper nanostructure, including manufacturing a specimen configured to include a SiO2 mask; performing multi-directional slanted plasma etching to form a three-dimensional etching structure layer on the specimen; performing plating so that a multi-directional slanted plasma etched portion of the specimen is filled with a metal; removing an over-plated portion and the SiO2 mask from the metal layer; and removing a portion of a surface of the specimen other than the metal which is the three-dimensional etching structure layer.

Abstract: An accelerator position sensor (APS) includes a transmitting coil generating a magnetic field, a coupler controlling the magnetic field generated from the transmitting coil, a receiving coil receiving the magnetic field generated from the transmitting coil to generate a predetermined frequency, and a signal processor calculating rotation information of the coupler using the frequency received from the receiving coil and outputting displacement values of an accelerator pedal. With the APS, a guarantee signal can be generated only through the receiving coil and precise measuring values can be achieved.

Abstract: A method of diagnosing failure of fuel level sensors includes a first measuring step of measuring voltages from first and second failure detection terminals; if the voltage is higher than a reference, diagnosing the voltage as “high,” and if the voltage is lower than a reference, diagnosing the voltage as “low;” and if the voltage is neither high nor low: a second measuring step of receiving the voltages from the first and second failure detection terminals; calculating and storing a difference between the voltages of the first and second failure detection terminals; determining whether an amount of fuel is reduced; if the amount of fuel is reduced, calculating a difference between voltage signals of the first and second failure detection terminals; determining whether the voltage difference before and after the amount of fuel was reduced are identical; and if the voltage differences are identical, returning to the first measuring step.

Abstract: A method of diagnosing failure of fuel level sensors includes a first measuring step of measuring voltages from first and second failure detection terminals; if the voltage is higher than a reference, diagnosing the voltage as “high,” and if the voltage is lower than a reference, diagnosing the voltage as “low;” and if the voltage is neither high nor low: a second measuring step of receiving the voltages from the first and second failure detection terminals; calculating and storing a difference between the voltages of the first and second failure detection terminals; determining whether an amount of fuel is reduced; if the amount of fuel is reduced, calculating a difference between voltage signals of the first and second failure detection terminals; determining whether the voltage difference before and after the amount of fuel was reduced are identical; and if the voltage differences are identical, returning to the first measuring step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions of first agents of a permanent hair waving agent and a hair straightener for self-diagnosis with a reducing catalyst, respectively, and their manufacturing methods thereof. More specifically, the present invention relates to compositions of first agents a permanent hair waving agent and a hair straightener for self-diagnosis with a reducing catalyst, respectively, and their manufacturing methods thereof, wherein each of the first agents is a reducing agent prepared in two different solutions of A and B and mixed in a predetermined ratio immediately prior to use. Upon mixing, the first agent gives rise to a peculiar color thus enabling to identify both active ingredients and the properties of the solutions being used well in advance of hair styling performance -+y assisting proper selection of a permanent hair waving agent and a hair ,˜ner most suitable for each hair kind thus securing safe performance of hair a also preventing hair damage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a binder, which comprises polymer particles obtained by polymerization of: (a) 1˜80 parts by weight of a (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer; (b) 1˜20 parts by weight of an unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer; and (c) 0.001˜40 parts by weight of a vinyl monomer, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder polymer, and which allows electrode active material particles capable of lithium intercalation/deintercalation to be fixed and linked among themselves, and between the particles and a collector. An electrode comprising the binder, and a lithium secondary battery having the electrode are also disclosed. Further, a method for evaluating interrelation between wettability of a binder to an electrolyte and quality of a battery comprising the binder is disclosed. The binder shows excellent adhesion as well as excellent wettability to an electrolyte, and thus can improve rate characteristics and lifespan characteristics of a battery, when used in an electrode for a lithium secondary battery.

Abstract: In a communication system, a mobile station (MS) sends a target base station (BS) a notification indicating that it is to perform a handover from a serving BS to the target BS. The target BS transmits to the MS handover process optimization information indicating a possibility of omitting at least one process required by the MS to perform a network re-entry operation with the target BS according to the handover notification from the MS. The MS receives the handover process optimization information and performs a network re-entry operation with the target BS according to the handover process optimization information.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a plasma display panel and, more particularly, to an apparatus and a method of driving a plasma display panel. According to the present invention, an apparatus for driving a plasma display panel includes a line buffer unit synchronizing data inputted from outside with a horizontal synchronization signal to store per horizontal line, at least one comparison unit comparing loads included in horizontal lines stored in the line buffer unit, and a data converting unit correcting the data to be supplied to the horizontal lines using a load difference resulting from a comparison by the at least one comparison unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides: (i) a nonaqueous electrolyte for batteries, which is characterized by containing halogen; (ii) a nonaqueous electrolyte for batteries, which is characterized by containing pyrrol or its derivative and halogen; and (iii) a lithium secondary battery which is characterized by including the nonaqueous electrolyte (i) or (ii). The inventive lithium secondary battery has improvements in charge/discharge and cycle life characteristics at ambient and high temperatures, and/or storage characteristics and safety at high temperature.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for driving a plasma display panel and method thereof, and more particularly, to an apparatus for driving a plasma display panel and method thereof in which a width of a scan pulse varies depending on whether data exist or not, thus improving the image quality.

Abstract: A memory device including a semiconductor substrate provided with a transistor; a ferroelectric capacitor provided with a bottom electrode placed on the semiconductor substrate, a ferroelectric layer formed on the bottom electrode and a top electrode formed on the ferroelectric layer; and a HfO2 layer for covering the ferroelectric capacitor.