Abstract: A lighting luminaire using only one LCD element as a light source comprises a light conducting frame; a unit LCD element disposed at a position near one corner of the light conducting frame, to function as a point light source and a reflector plate provided at the rear surface of the light conducting frame. A specially designed pattern is formed on the rear surface of the light conducting frame according to an area distribution function. Moreover, several ramps are formed along the inner edge of the light conducting frame so as to further improve uniform distribution of output light. In the invention, a forming method of this lighting luminaire is also disclosed.

Abstract: A wafer carrier structure for a chemical-mechanical polishing device. The wafer carrier structure includes a holder and a slurry supply pipeline. The slurry supply pipeline is attached to the side of the holder such that a portion of the supply pipeline near the outlet end is either parallel or perpendicular to the sidewall of the holder.

Abstract: A system for monitoring oxidant concentration in a chemical mechanical polishing process, including a spectrometer and a central controller. The spectrometer is coupled to a conduit for supplying slurry between a slurry supply tub and a polishing table. The spectrometer is used to detect the oxidant concentration of the slurry. The central controller is coupled to the spectrometer, the slurry supply tub and the polishing table. The central controller is used to adjust the composition of the slurry in the slurry supply tub and the polishing condition of the polishing table according to the oxidant concentration of the slurry obtained from a signal transmitted by the spectrometer.

Abstract: A method of forming a damascene structure. A dielectric layer is formed over a substrate. The dielectric layer is a silicon oxynitride layer having a refractivity between 1.55 and 1.74. An opening is formed in the dielectric layer. A metallic layer that covers the substrate and completely fills the opening is formed. A chemical-mechanical polishing operation is conducted to remove excess metallic material outside the opening using the dielectric layer as a polishing stop layer. The dielectric layer has a polishing rate less than that of the metallic layer.