Abstract: Semiconductor dies of a semiconductor die package are directly bonded, and a top metal region may be formed over the semiconductor dies. A plurality of conductive terminals may be formed over the top metal region. The conductive terminals are formed of copper (Cu) or another material that enables low-temperature deposition process techniques, such as electroplating, to be used to form the conductive terminal. In this way, the conductive terminals of the semiconductor die packages described herein may be formed at a relatively low temperature. This reduces the likelihood of thermal deformation of semiconductor dies in the semiconductor die packages. The reduced thermal deformation reduces the likelihood of warpage, breakage, and/or other types of damage to the semiconductor dies of the semiconductor die packages, which may increase performance and/or increase yield of semiconductor die packages.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a method of manufacturing one or more needles of a probe card by refining and processing a conductive body that extends from the probe card to form a respective tip at the end of the respective conductive body. Forming the respective tip of a respective needle includes removing respective portions from the end of the conductive body by flowing an electrolytic fluid between a conductive pattern structure and an end of the respective conductive body. Removing the respective portions with the flow of the electrons may be performed in multiple successive steps to form various needles with various sizes, shapes, and profiles (e.g., cylindrical, rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, etc.).

Abstract: A close-end fuel cell and an anode bipolar plate thereof are provided. The anode bipolar plate includes an airtight conductive frame and a conductive porous substrate disposed within the airtight conductive frame. In the airtight conductive frame, an edge of a first side has a fuel inlet, and an edge of a second side has a fuel outlet. The conductive porous substrate has at least one flow channel, where a first end of the flow channel communicates with the fuel inlet, a second end of the flow channel communicates with the fuel outlet. The flow channel is provided with a blocking part near the fuel inlet to divide the flow channel into two areas.

Abstract: Various solutions for extended reality (XR) enhancement in mobile communications are described. An apparatus establishes a communication with a network node of a wireless network. The apparatus performs an operation with respect to XR-related computation offloading from a user end to result in XR enhancement at the user end.

Abstract: A method includes providing a substrate having a surface such that a first hard mask layer is formed over the surface and a second hard mask layer is formed over the first hard mask layer, forming a first pattern in the second hard mask layer, where the first pattern includes a first mandrel oriented lengthwise in a first direction and a second mandrel oriented lengthwise in a second direction different from the first direction, and where the first mandrel has a top surface, a first sidewall, and a second sidewall opposite to the first sidewall, and depositing a material towards the first mandrel and the second mandrel such that a layer of the material is formed on the top surface and the first sidewall but not the second sidewall of the first mandrel.

Abstract: A method to establish and activate an MA PDU session for data transmission over a selected access is proposed. UE initiates a UE-requested PDU session establishment procedure. Once the UE receives a PDU SESSION ESTABLISHMENT ACCEPT message with ATSSS container IE, the UE can consider the MA PDU session has been activated and user plane resources are successfully established on the selected access. A method to convert an SA PDU session to an MA PDU session for data transmission over a selected access is proposed. UE initiates a UE-requested PDU session modification procedure. Once the UE receives a PDU SESSION MODIFICATION COMMAND message with ATSSS container IE, the UE can consider the MA PDU session has been converted from the SA PDU session and user plane resources are successfully established on the selected access.

Abstract: A method of enhancing IP packet forwarding feature support after interworking is proposed. When a PDU session in 5GS is transferred to a PDN connection in EPS, the UE shall assume the feature is supported after inter-system change from 5GS to EPS. When a PDN connection is established in EPS, the network indicated that the feature is not supported, and the network provided 5GSM parameters for ESM/5GSM interworking for this PDN connection, then UE shall assume the feature is supported after inter-system change from EPS to 5GS, the UE shall also assume the feature is supported after inter-system change from 5GS back to EPS. The IP packet forwarding features include PS data off and local IP address in TFT.

Abstract: A User Equipment (UE) including a wireless transceiver and a controller is provided. The wireless transceiver performs wireless transmission and reception to and from a first service network utilizing a first RAT or a second service network utilizing a second RAT. The controller sends an indicator of a connection release request to the first service network via the wireless transceiver in response to terminating a first communication service with the first service network or in response to leaving the first service network for the second service network. Also, the controller releases a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection with the first service network after sending the indicator of the connection release request.

Abstract: A method of for performing carbon neutralization in a communication network is provided. The method includes receiving a service task from a user equipment. The method also includes obtaining a carbon neutralization calculation parameter related to performing the received service task. The method further includes selecting, based on the obtained carbon neutralization calculation parameter, a target entity from a plurality of candidate targets at which the received service task can be performed. The method further includes sending the received service task to the selected target entity.

Abstract: Various solutions for single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI) based congestion control with respect to user equipment and network apparatus in mobile communications are described. An apparatus may receive a message with a back-off timer from the network node. The apparatus may determine whether an S-NSSAI of a protocol data unit (PDU) session is provided by the network node. The apparatus may start the back-off timer and associate the back-off timer with the S-NSSAI of the PDU session in an event that the S-NSSAI is provided by the network node.

Abstract: A User Equipment (UE) including a wireless transceiver and a controller is provided. The wireless transceiver performs wireless transmission and reception to and from a first service network utilizing a first RAT or a second service network utilizing a second RAT. The controller sends an indicator of a connection release request to the first service network via the wireless transceiver in response to terminating a first communication service with the first service network or in response to leaving the first service network for the second service network. Also, the controller releases a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection with the first service network after sending the indicator of the connection release request.

Abstract: A method of enhancing session continuity for system interworking is proposed. Upon intersystem change from S1 mode to N1 mode, a UE may perform deregistration when re-registration is required. The UE stops all 5GSM non-congestion back-off timers. In addition to the 5GSM non-congestion back-off timers, there may be ESM non-congestion back-off timers running. The UE may take the RATC and the EPLMNC indicators in the Re-attempt indicator IE into consideration, and stops all ESM non-congestion timers. Upon intersystem change from N1 mode to S1 mode, the UE may perform detach procedure when re-attach is required. The UE stops all ESM non-congestion back-off timers. In addition to the ESM non-congestion back-off timers, there may be 5GSM non-congestion back-off timers running. The UE may take the RATC and the EPLMNC indicators in the Re-attempt indicator IE into consideration, and stops all 5GSM non-congestion timers.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide methods and apparatuses. The method can include receiving, at a user equipment (UE), system information broadcast from one or more base stations which may be shared by one or more PLMNs and/or one or more SNPNs, the system information including an indication of whether accessing an SNPN using home service provider (HSP) subscription of a HSP network is supported. The UE can be configured with subscription information of the HSP network. The subscription information can include the HSP subscription and a selection list that includes one or more candidate networks each represented by an SNPN identifier. The method can further include responsive to the system information, selecting a network from the selection list according to a priority order of the candidate networks, and accessing the network selected from the selection list using the HSP subscription.

Abstract: A method of enhancing session continuity for system interworking is proposed. Upon a UE performs inter-system change from A/Gb mode or Iu mode to S1 mode, the UE identifies that some PDN connection(s) are not associated with a PDU session ID (PSI). In one novel aspect, the UE deactivates all EPS bearer contexts for such PDN connection(s) locally, includes the EPS bearer context status IE in a TRACKING AREA UPDATE REQUEST message of a tracking area updating (TAU) procedure upon inter-system change from A/Gb mode or Iu mode to S1 mode, and then initiates UE requested PDN connectivity procedure(s) for such PDN connection(s). Furthermore, if no EPS bearer exists after local deactivation and EMM-REGISTERED without PDN connection is not supported by the UE, then the UE initiates a re-attach procedure followed by the UE requested PDN connectivity procedure(s) for such PDN connection (s) .

Abstract: A method of enhanced error handling for 5G QoS operations is proposed. A PDU session defines the association between the UE and the data network that provides a PDU connectivity service. Each PDU session is identified by a PDU session ID, and may include multiple QoS flows and QoS rules. Within a PDU session, there should be one and only one default QoS rule. The default QoS rule indication (DQR) and the QoS flow identifier (QFI) of a signaled QoS rule should not be changed. Two new 5G session management (5GSM) causes are defined: a semantic error in the QoS operation (cause value #83) and a syntactic error (cause value #84) in the QoS operation. The UE should check the QoS rule provided in a PDU session modification command message for different types of QoS rule errors.

Abstract: A method for handling the joining and leaving an MBS session via a PDU session establishment or modification procedure is provided. Upon receipt of a back-off timer in the Received MBS Container IE (with the operation/decision “MBS join is rejected” or “Remove UE from the MBS session”), the UE shall associate the MBS back-off timer with the MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI). If the timer value is neither zero nor deactivated, the UE should not request to join the MBS session with the same MBS session ID before the timer expiry. If the timer value is deactivated, the UE should not request to join the MBS session with the same MBS session ID until the UE is switched off, the USIM is removed, an entry in the “list of subscriber data” for the current SNPN is updated, or an event/notification is triggered by the network.

Abstract: A method for supporting redundant PDU session under intersystem change between 5GS and EPS is proposed. A UE maintains a PDU session that is a redundant PDU session, associated with a PDU session pair ID and/or a redundancy sequence number (RSN). When inter-system change from N1 mode to S1 mode occurs, the PDU session is transferred/mapped to a PDN connection. The UE shall associate the PDU session pair ID and/or the RSN with the PDN connection corresponding to the PDU session (e.g., associate with the default EPS bearer context of the PDN connection). When inter-system change from S1 mode to N1 mode occurs, the PDN connection is transferred/mapped back to the PDU session. The UE shall associate the PDU session pair ID and/or the RSN with the PDU session corresponding to the PDN connection.

Abstract: A method of handling multi-access (MA) Protocol data unit (PDU) session establishment procedure for an MA PDU session already established with a 3GPP PDN leg is proposed. In one novel aspect, for a 5GS MA PDU session already established on 3GPP access via an EPS PDN connection, upon receipt of a PDU SESSION ESTABLISHMENT ACCEPT message over non-3GPP access, the UE performs a local release of the MA PDU session if any value of at least one of the critical MA PDU session parameters, including the PDU session type, selected SSC mode, 5GSM cause, PDU address, S-NSSAI, and DNN IEs in the PDU SESSION ESTABLISHMENT ACCEPT message is different-from/un-sync/not-matched/not-compatible-with the corresponding stored value of the MA PDU session mapped from the (default EPS bearer of the) PDN connection. The UE also performs a REGISTRATION procedure over non-3GPP access and a TAU procedure over 3GPP access.

Abstract: Various solutions for single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI) based congestion control with respect to user equipment and network apparatus in mobile communications are described. An apparatus may receive a message with a back-off timer from the network node. The apparatus may determine whether an S-NSSAI of a protocol data unit (PDU) session is provided by the network node. The apparatus may start the back-off timer and associate the back-off timer with the S-NSSAI of the PDU session in an event that the S-NSSAI is provided by the network node.

Abstract: A method of enhancing IP packet forwarding feature support after interworking is proposed. When a PDU session in 5GS is transferred to a PDN connection in EPS, the UE shall assume the feature is supported after inter-system change from 5GS to EPS. When a PDN connection is established in EPS, the network indicated that the feature is not supported, and the network provided 5GSM parameters for ESM/5GSM interworking for this PDN connection, then UE shall assume the feature is supported after inter-system change from EPS to 5GS, the UE shall also assume the feature is supported after inter-system change from 5GS back to EPS. The IP packet forwarding features include PS data off and local IP address in TFT.