Abstract: A fuel additive for fuel formulations comprising calcium sulfonates in an amount effective to limit or eliminate valve seat recession in engines utilizing such fuel formulations. The fuel additive may also include a detergent, particularly in an amount to enhance the VSR limiting effect of the calcium sulfonates. Also included are fuel formulations containing calcium sulfonates in a concentration effective to limit vale seat recession in engines utilizing the fuel formulations. Methods for treating VSR in piston engines are also provided.

Abstract: A process for converting C2-5 alkanes to higher value C5-24 hydrocarbon fuels and blendstocks. The C2-5 alkanes are converted to olefins by thermal olefination, without the use of a dehydrogenation catalyst and without the use of steam. The product olefins are fed to an oligomerization reactor containing a zeolite catalyst to crack, oligomerize and cyclize the olens to the fuel products which are then recovered. Optionally, hydrogen and methane are removed from the product olefin stream prior to oligomerization. Further optionally, C2-5 alkanes are removed from the product olefin stream prior to oligomerization.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for converting C2-5 alkanes to higher-value C5-24+ hydrocarbon fuels and fuel blendstocks including reacting the C2-5 alkanes in a thermal olefination reactor operating at a temperature, pressure and space velocity to convent the alkanes to olefins and in the absence of both a dehydrogenation catalyst and steam. At least a portion of the product olefin stream is oligomerized using a zeolite catalyst to crack, oligomerize and cyclize the product olefins to form the fuel products, which are then recovered. The process is useful in removing sulfur and nitrogen-based compounds in a single step process, while reducing total costs of processing and eliminating the need for additives used in the field.

Abstract: A spark plug assembly configured to allow multi-channel automotive spark-plugs to operate without radio-frequency interference in piston-engine powered aircraft and to greatly reduce or eliminate spark-plug fouling from carbon or lead deposits resulting from combustion of fuel in order to enhance starting and smooth operation of the aircraft engine, and thereby improve the quality of exhaust emissions by assuring a more complete burn of the fuel constituents.

Abstract: Described are preferred compositions for a motor fuel. Such motor fuels may be particularly well suited for use in the motor of an aircraft. In particular, compositions of the present disclosure may comprise 50-75 wt % isooctane/alkylates, 20-40 wt % ETBE, 0-3 wt % isobutane, and 0-5 wt % aromatics. The present disclosure describes a full spectrum of unleaded fuels with various motor octane (MON) values.

Abstract: Methods and alternatives for the efficient and cost-effective production of high-octane fuel blends from C9 aromatic feeds including methyl benzenes and C2 and/or higher alkyl benzenes. The fuel blend can serve as a high-octane unleaded fuel or fuel blending component for a wide range of applications, particularly aviation gasoline and other high-performance transportation fuels.

Abstract: Methods are provided for the treatment of a feed stream containing C9 aromatic components to produce mesitylene-containing products. The methods include hydrodealkylating the feed stream to remove C2 and higher alkyl groups from the aromatic components and transalkylating the feed stream to rearrange the distribution of methyl groups among the aromatic components. Disclosed methods also include the treatment of a hydrocarbon feedstock by hydrodealkylation and/or transalkylation in order to produce a hydrocarbon product having an increased mass percentage of mesitylene.

Abstract: Described are preferred compositions for a motor fuel. Such motor fuels may be particularly well suited for use in the motor of an aircraft. In particular, compositions of the present disclosure may comprise 50-75 wt % isooctane/alkylates, 20-40 wt % ETBE, 0-3 wt % isobutane, and 0-5 wt % aromatics. The present disclosure describes a full spectrum of unleaded fuels with various motor octane (MON) values.

Abstract: Various compositions of matter, methods of making compositions of matter, and methods of using compositions of matter are disclosed. In some embodiments, compositions useful as aviation gasoline, sometimes called “avgas”, are disclosed. In some embodiments, mesitylene is used in compositions of matter, Additives may be employed in the disclosed compositions of matter. In some embodiments, the composition of matter has a motor octane number of about 99 or higher. In some embodiments, the compositions of matter have reduced or no heteroatom constituents, and/or may have reduced or no metal constituents. In some embodiments, compositions of matter disclosed herein may have certain performance characteristics equal to better than currently available 100LL compositions.

Abstract: Methods for making higher-octane fuel components from a feed stream of C8+ paraffins, including catalytically cracking the C8+ paraffins using a Zeolite catalyst to produce a reaction product of mid-chain paraffins and olefins and short-chain paraffins and olefins. The reaction product comprises liquid phase paraffins having an increased Octane Value over the feed stream paraffins. The reaction product further comprises a gas phase of short-chain paraffins which are separated from the liquid phase. In embodiments, the short chain olefins are hydrogenated to form mid-chain paraffins and a gas phase containing short-chain paraffins.

Abstract: Methods are provided for the treatment of a feed stream containing C9 aromatic components to produce mesitylene-containing products. The methods include hydrodealkylating the feed stream to remove C2 and higher alkyl groups from the aromatic components and transalkylating the feed stream to rearrange the distribution of methyl groups among the aromatic components. Disclosed methods also include the treatment of a hydrocarbon feedstock by hydrodealkylation and/or transalkylation in order to produce a hydrocarbon product having an increased mass percentage of mesitylene.

Abstract: Described are preferred compositions for a motor fuel. Such motor fuels may be particularly well suited for use in the motor of an aircraft. In particular, compositions of the present disclosure may comprise alicyclic alkanes, straight or branched chain alkanes, and aromatics. In a preferred embodiment, the fuel comprises cyclopentane, isooctane, and one or more aromatics selected from xylene, toluene, and trimethylbenzenes. The present disclosure describes a full spectrum of unleaded fuels with various motor octane (MON) values to address a wide range of aviation fuel needs in the global marketplace.

Abstract: A set of apparatus to inject distilled-water in solution acting as an engine coolant into the combustion chamber of a high-compression air-cooled piston aircraft engine to mix with aviation gasoline, operating on a minimum 91 motor octane aviation gasoline (leaded or unleaded), thereby improving engine performance, and suppressing early detonation in prescribed operating situations.

Abstract: A motor fuel comprising gasoline comprising 70-99 wt % gasoline and 1 to 30 wt % of mesitylene. This fuel can advantageously contain conventional additives used in gasoline. The use of mesitylene in gasoline blend yields a fuel blend with a higher research octane number and motor octane number. In addition, an improved jet fuel is provided, having from 1-10 wt % mesitylene added to the jet fuel, having improved carbon emission characteristics while maintaining required specifications. Further, an improved bio-fuel is provided, which may function as a replacement for conventional Jet A/JP-8 fuel and has lowered carbon emission specifications, the bio-fuel comprised of 75-90 wt % synthetic parafinnic kerosene (SPK) and 10-25 wt % mesitylene.

Abstract: A spark plug assembly configured to allow multi-channel automotive spark-plugs to operate without radio-frequency interference in piston-engine powered aircraft and to greatly reduce or eliminate spark-plug fouling from carbon or lead deposits resulting from combustion of fuel in order to enhance starting and smooth operation of the aircraft engine, and thereby improve the quality of exhaust emissions by assuring a more complete burn of the fuel constituents.

Abstract: Describe are preferred formulations for Avgas meeting the requirements for use in aircraft, including requirements established under ASTM standards and by the Federal Aviation Administration. In one embodiment, a binary mixture of 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene (mesitylene) and isopentane is used to provide a MON of at least 100, and more preferably at least 102. In other embodiments, the amounts of mesitylene and/or isopentane may be changed, and other fuel components are included. These various Avgas formulations are thereby adjusted to meet a variety of requirements as to octane rating, RVP, cold start, and other fuel characteristics.

Abstract: Methods and alternatives for the efficient and cost-effective production of high-octane fuel blends from C9 aromatic feeds including methyl benzenes and C2 and/or higher alkyl benzenes, The fuel blend can serve as a high-octane unleaded fuel or fuel blending component for a wide range of applications, particularly aviation gasoline and other high-performance transportation fuels.

Abstract: Methods are provided for the treatment of a feed stream containing C9 aromatic components to produce mesitylene-containing products. The methods include hydrodealkylating the feed stream to remove C2 and higher alkyl groups from the aromatic components and transalkylating the feed stream to rearrange the distribution of methyl groups among the aromatic components. Disclosed methods also include the treatment of a hydrocarbon feedstock by hydrodealkylation and/or transalkylation in order to produce a hydrocarbon product having an increased mass percentage of mesitylene.

Abstract: The present invention provides an unleaded, piston engine fuel formulation comprising a blend of mesitylene, pseudocumene and isopentane having a MON of at least 94 and an RVP of 38 to 49 kPa at 37.8° C. In certain aspects, the formulation comprises specific weight percentages of each of the mesitylene, pseudocumene and isopentane components, and varying MON ratings. In additional aspects, the formulations comprise a combination of mesitylene, isopentane, and one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of pseudocumene, toluene and xylenes. In certain embodiments, the formulations also include alkylates and or alkanes. The formulations have unusually high MON ratings, and desirable RVP and distillation curve characteristics for formulations not including additional components, particularly octane boosters.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are motor fuels providing enhanced properties for use with 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines. The fuels comprise isooctane, alkylate, mesitylene, isopentane and butane, and optionally a special lube oil premixed in solution.