Abstract: A method to perform continuous-wave NMR measurements of nuclear magnetization at high magnetic fields, above 2.5 T, without analog down-mixing is described. An FPGA controls a digital clock pulse which is used to stimulate a resonant circuit and provide a reference signal. An algorithm determines the real portion of a resonant circuit signal near the Larmor frequency of the species of interest using only two measurements of the waveform per cycle. The FPGA automatically alters a variable capacitance to tune the resonant circuit to the Larmor frequency.

Abstract: A method to perform continuous-wave NMR measurements of nuclear magnetization at high magnetic fields, above 2.5 T, without analog down-mixing is described. An FPGA controls a digital clock pulse which is used to stimulate a resonant circuit and provide a reference signal. An algorithm determines the real portion of a resonant circuit signal near the Larmor frequency of the species of interest using only two measurements of the waveform per cycle. The FPGA automatically alters a variable capacitance to tune the resonant circuit to the Larmor frequency.

Abstract: The present application at least describes a computer readable medium including instructions that, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to receive, from a first participant among plural participants in an auction operated in a networked auction system, one of a buy and sell order for a product (ORDER). The ORDER includes one or more of a price, quantity, type, and exposure time to remain active. The exposure time allows for one or more of a reply, opposite side order, and a pre-defined relative indication with or without a price improvement relative to a current price established by a National Best Bid/Offer or an equivalent exchange (PRI). The instructions when executed by the processor causes the processor to receive a market best bid and ask price (MARKET PRICE) from the National Best Bid/Offer or equivalent exchange for buying and selling the product.

Abstract: An example water purification system includes a forward osmosis module, a reverse osmosis module, a pump powered by an electric motor, and a pressure sensor. The forward osmosis module may receive a feed stream and a draw stream, and may produce an intermediate product stream. The intermediate product stream may be pressurized by a pump and provided to the reverse osmosis module. The reverse osmosis module may generate a product stream and return the draw stream to the forward osmosis module. The pressure sensor may monitor the pressure of the intermediate product stream, and the pressure may be used to determine the speed of the electric motor.

Abstract: A procedure is enabled to respond to an order en route to a marketplace so that the procedure can determine whether to generate a spawned order, and the spawned order is sent to a destination for execution essentially contemporaneously with the sending of the en route order to the marketplace. The spawned order can be sent to the same marketplace or a different marketplace than the en route order is sent to. The spawned orders provide additional liquidity.

Abstract: An example water purification system includes a forward osmosis module, a reverse osmosis module, a pump powered by an electric motor, and a pressure sensor. The forward osmosis module may receive a feed stream and a draw stream, and may produce an intermediate product stream. The intermediate product stream may be pressurized by a pump and provided to the reverse osmosis module. The reverse osmosis module may generate a product stream and return the draw stream to the forward osmosis module. The pressure sensor may monitor the pressure of the intermediate product stream, and the pressure may be used to determine the speed of the electric motor.

Abstract: A person, registered at an affinity system, is associated with characteristics describing him/herself, and with at least one set of characteristics describing other persons of interest to the registered person (“desired match descriptions”). The desired characteristics may include that a person is looking for a characteristic. Some of the characteristics may be provided by an expertise system including expertise ratings and rarity ratings. The expertise system determines a characteristic via its own methodology, such as tests or other verifications. The expertise system can be internal or external to the affinity system, and there can be more than one expertise system. When a person checks-in at a location, physically or virtually, the affinity system identifies persons of mutual interest. If each of the registered persons agrees, they both are enabled to contact each other.

Abstract: Trading processes are operative to route orders from order rooms to market processes, which process the orders according to respective market methodologies. The order routing strategy can be embodied in a decision table having rules with conditions and actions to be taken when the conditions are true. Accordingly, order rooms can readily configure and reconfigure trading processes.

Abstract: An order room creates a linked order comprising a list of orders. The order room instructs trading processes to perform market discovery for the orders in the linked order. The trading processes, as well as market processes, operate on a platform. If an objective function is satisfied within a threshold determined by the order room, the linked order is sent to a platform process, which executes the orders only if each of the orders can be executed at a specified price. Generally, before sending the linked order to the platform process, the order room instructs its trading processes to obtain short term options from market processes, and then sends the short term options to the platform process. The platform process can adjust the expiration time of the short term options to guarantee the execution prices of the orders in the linked order.

Abstract: A dealer sells match insurance to participants in an order matching process. If a participant's order is not matched in the match process, then the participant can exercise the match insurance to obtain a contra-side order that matches. Purchasing match insurance is similar to purchasing an option with a floating strike price; with the strike price being determined by the match price. The match insurance itself may be tradeable. Matching orders are executed. A participant may cancel some or all of its match insurance before the match occurs and the dealer refunds the insurance premium less a cancellation fee. Traders not participating in the match may obtain an immediate execution guarantee from the dealer, at the next match price, by paying a fee.

Abstract: An order en route to a marketplace is delayed so that a procedure can determine whether to generate a spawned order, and the spawned order is sent to a destination for execution essentially contemporaneously with the sending of the en route order to the marketplace. The spawned order can be sent to the same marketplace or a different marketplace than the en route order is sent to. The spawned order provides additional liquidity.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are directed to creating an online social environment that allows users to obtain, own, and use one or more tokens whose value is derived from their presence within an online social environment. A user is given a single deal reward token based on the mapping of that token to a deal reward provided to a user. A user must own at least one deal reward tokens linked to a primary prize in order to obtain that prize. A user owning at least one deal reward token linked to a primary prize is given that prize. A user is proved a system for conducting transactions with other users related to their owned deal reward tokens. A single advertising source is associated with each of a user's deal reward tokens. An advertising source is provided the online technical means of sending continuous targeted advertisement material to the user associated with each deal reward token linked to that advertising source.

Abstract: Price setting for a security occurs by automatically engaging in a price discovery procedure before responding to a request for a current buy or sell price of the security to provide an automatically discovered price that is better than a book price. The book price is the best price in an order book including orders to buy or sell specified quantities of the security at respective prices, the lowest sell order price of the booked orders being the book sell price, the highest buy order price of the booked orders being the book buy order price. The price discovery procedure includes providing the book buy or sell price to at least one entity registered to participate in the price discovery procedure. The entity automatically provides an improved price relative to the book price based on a predetermined strategy that is determined independently of the strategies for other entities.

Abstract: Price setting for a security occurs by automatically engaging in a price discovery procedure before responding to a request for a current buy or sell price of the security to provide an automatically discovered price that is better than a book price. The book price is the best price in an order book including orders to buy or sell specified quantities of the security at respective prices, the lowest sell order price of the booked orders being the book sell price, the highest buy order price of the booked orders being the book buy order price. The price discovery procedure includes providing the book buy or sell price to at least one entity registered to participate in the price discovery procedure. The entity automatically provides an improved price relative to the book price based on a predetermined strategy that is determined independently of the strategies for other entities.

Abstract: Trading processes interact with each other through a market process. The trading processes and the market process all operate on a platform. When the market process determines that one of the trading processes is satisfying a condition, such as providing a best price for a side of the market, then the market process automatically notifies the trading process of a new contra-side best market price in advance of providing such notification to other trading processes.

Abstract: An order en route to a marketplace is delayed so that a procedure can determine whether to generate a spawned order, and the spawned order is sent to a destination for execution essentially contemporaneously with the sending of the en route order to the marketplace. The spawned order can be sent to the same marketplace or a different marketplace than the en route order is sent to. The spawned order provides additional liquidity.

Abstract: A market process records trades between trading processes. A preference rating from each trading process to all other trading processes that it has traded with is updated based on the recorded trade, such as by comparing the recorded trade with a metric and determining whether or not the trading process profited from the trade. The metric may be a market price for the item traded at a time subsequent to or prior to the trade. The updating may be performed by the market process after each trade or at predetermined times, or the updating may be performed by a platform process. A trading process can designate itself as anonymous, maintaining its confidentiality but still being subject to contra-party preference rating. The market process may use the contra-party preference ratings to determine whether a trade may occur between two trading processes.

Abstract: A trading process wishing to perform market depth discovery sends a trial order to a market process. The trading process and the market process are both operative on a platform. The market process receives the trial order and enters the trial order into its order book. When responding to market inquiries from trading processes, the market process ignores the trial order. At some point, the market process selects the trial order for pairing with an active contra-side order, as if the trial order was a regular order, and sends a pairing report for zero shares to the trading process that originated the trial order. The market process then removes the trial order from its order file, and pairs the regular orders in its order file such that their pairing priority is unaffected by the trial order.

Abstract: A trading process represents an order that it is handling at multiple market processes simultaneously. Each of the market processes and the trading process follow a two-phase commit protocol, wherein permission to execute the order is obtained from the process controlling the order, and then the order is executed. Accordingly, multiple executions of an order are prevented. The control process is typically the trading process that originated the order. However, in some market methodologies, the market process may assume control over the order. Permission to execute the order is explicitly given by a trading process. Permission to execute the order may be inferred after a market process determines that no other market processes have control over the order.

Abstract: A platform supports multiple processes, including market processes having respective market methodologies, trading processes having trading methodologies, platform processes providing services to the market processes and trading processes, and representation processes for coupling the market processes to external markets. The trading processes interact with each other and with external markets through the market processes.