Abstract: Apparatus and methods for phase synchronization of phase-locked loops (PLLs) are provided. In certain configurations, an RF communication system includes a PLL that generates one or more output clock signals and a phase synchronization circuit that synchronizes a phase of the PLL. The phase synchronization circuit includes a sampling circuit that generates samples by sampling the one or more output clock signals based on timing of a reference clock signal. Additionally, the phase synchronization circuit includes a phase difference calculation circuit that generates a phase difference signal based on the samples and a tracking digital phase signal representing the phase of the PLL. The phase synchronization circuit further includes a phase adjustment control circuit that provides a phase adjustment to the PLL based on the phase difference signal so as to synchronize the PLL.

Abstract: Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems provide for solar panel arrays that can be aesthetically pleasing and appear seamless to an observer. Micro louvered structures can be incorporated into photovoltaic (PV) stacks, such that light entering a PV stack that is reflected off of embedded solar cells is not directed out at angles at which a typical observer would normally view the PV stack or roof on which a solar array is installed. Further, portions of the micro louvered structures can be coated with reflective, refractive, dielectric, and/or colored films such that underlying solar cells within the PV stack are obscured from the sightlines of a typical observer.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for phase synchronization of phase-locked loops (PLLs) are provided. In certain configurations, an RF communication system includes a PLL that generates one or more output clock signals and a phase synchronization circuit that synchronizes a phase of the PLL. The phase synchronization circuit includes a sampling circuit that generates samples by sampling the one or more output clock signals based on timing of a reference clock signal. Additionally, the phase synchronization circuit includes a phase difference calculation circuit that generates a phase difference signal based on the samples and a tracking digital phase signal representing the phase of the PLL. The phase synchronization circuit further includes a phase adjustment control circuit that provides a phase adjustment to the PLL based on the phase difference signal so as to synchronize the PLL.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for transceiver calibration are provided. In certain configurations, a transceiver includes a transmit channel and an observation channel. The transmit channel includes a transmit mixer that up-converts a transmit signal by a first or transmit local oscillator frequency. The observation channel includes an observation mixer that down-converts an observed signal from the transmit channel by a second or observation local oscillator frequency that is offset from the first local oscillator frequency. By observing the transmit channel using a local oscillator frequency that is offset relative to the transmit channel's local oscillator frequency, the observation channel can observe transmit channel impairments substantially independently from observation channel impairments.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for transceiver calibration are provided. In certain configurations, a transceiver includes a transmit channel and an observation channel. The transmit channel includes a transmit mixer that up-converts a transmit signal by a first or transmit local oscillator frequency. The observation channel includes an observation mixer that down-converts an observed signal from the transmit channel by a second or observation local oscillator frequency that is offset from the first local oscillator frequency. By observing the transmit channel using a local oscillator frequency that is offset relative to the transmit channel's local oscillator frequency, the observation channel can observe transmit channel impairments substantially independently from observation channel impairments.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a flywheel, a first pivotable caliper, a first magnet supported by the first caliper opposite the flywheel, a second pivotable caliper and a second magnet supported by the second caliper opposite the flywheel. In one implementation, the apparatus further includes a first cam follower coupled to the first caliper, a second cam follower coupled to the second caliper and at least one cam member including a first cam surface against which the first cam follower moves and a second cam surface against which the second cam follower moves, wherein movement of the at least one cam member pivots the first caliper and the second caliper to move the first magnet and the second magnet relative to the flywheel. In another implementation, the apparatus further includes a strain gauge carried by the first caliper to output signals indicating braking torque.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for phase adjustment of a RF transceiver is disclosed. Based on a first local oscillator signal and a second local oscillator signal, a beat signal that indicates the frequency and phase relationship between the first and second local oscillator signals can be generated. Using the beat signal, changing phase relationship between the first and second local oscillator signals can be cumulatively taken account for using phase averaging to allow quick restoration to observation of a previously observed channel.

Abstract: A circuit may include a queue, a monitor, and a controller. The queue may receive and store a plurality of commands from a plurality of buses to access a shared set of registers. The monitor may monitor the plurality of commands in the queue to determine whether a period of time needs to be reserved for selected commands from one of the plurality of buses. The controller, if the period of time needs to be reserved, based on the period of time determined by the monitor, may disable acceptance of commands from buses other than the one of the plurality of buses, may execute the selected commands for the one of the plurality of buses, and may allow more than one of the plurality of buses access to results of the selected commands.

Abstract: A calibration system for an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) an internal ADC that receives an analog input and converts the analog input to digital multi-bit data. The calibration system also includes a reference shuffling circuit that shuffles reference values of comparators of the internal ADC. Further, the calibration system includes a calibration circuit that calibrates the comparators of the internal ADC. The calibration system includes a digital block that measures an amplitude based on the digital multi-bit data. Additionally, the calibration system includes calibration logic that controls the calibration circuit based on an output of the digital block.

Abstract: A circuit may include a detector, an approximator, a look-up table, a scaler, and an integrator. The detector may generate a first difference signal and a second different signal based on an input and an output. The approximator may generate, using a one's complement operation, an index based on approximated modulus values of the first difference signal and the second difference signal. The look-up table may select one of a plurality of scaling factors based upon the index. The scaler may adjust the first difference signal and the second difference signal based on the selected scaling factor. The integrator may generate the output based on the adjusted first difference signal and the adjusted second difference signal.

Abstract: A calibration system for an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) an internal ADC that receives an analog input and converts the analog input to digital multi-bit data. The calibration system also includes a reference shuffling circuit that shuffles reference values of comparators of the internal ADC. Further, the calibration system includes a calibration circuit that calibrates the comparators of the internal ADC. The calibration system includes a digital block that measures an amplitude based on the digital multi-bit data. Additionally, the calibration system includes calibration logic that controls the calibration circuit based on an output of the digital block.

Abstract: A system and method provide for calibrating the frequency response of an electronic filter. The system and method include a radio transmitter with both in-phase and quadrature baseband paths. Each baseband path includes a numerically controlled oscillator (“NCO”), a digital signal path, a digital-to-analog converter (“DAC”), and an analog filter. A low frequency tone is applied from the NCO from one of the baseband path, while a high frequency tone is applied from the NCO in the other baseband path. An analog peak detector at output determines which analog filter has the largest amplitude at the output. The peak detector offset between the two analog filters is offset by stimulating the in-phase and quadrature baseband paths with the respective NCOs to find an amplitude difference between the output signals from the NCOs that makes the output of the analog filters the same.

Abstract: A circuit may include a detector, an approximator, a look-up table, a scaler, and an integrator. The detector may generate a first difference signal and a second different signal based on an input and an output. The approximator may generate, using a one's complement operation, an index based on approximated modulus values of the first difference signal and the second difference signal. The look-up table may select one of a plurality of scaling factors based upon the index. The scaler may adjust the first difference signal and the second difference signal based on the selected scaling factor. The integrator may generate the output based on the adjusted first difference signal and the adjusted second difference signal.

Abstract: A circuit may include a queue, a monitor, and a controller. The queue may receive and store a plurality of commands from a plurality of buses to access a shared set of registers. The monitor may monitor the plurality of commands in the queue to determine whether a period of time needs to be reserved for selected commands from one of the plurality of buses. The controller, if the period of time needs to be reserved, based on the period of time determined by the monitor, may disable acceptance of commands from buses other than the one of the plurality of buses, may execute the selected commands for the one of the plurality of buses, and may allow more than one of the plurality of buses access to results of the selected commands.

Abstract: In a method for determining cardiac output from an arterial blood pressure curve measured at the periphery, in which the blood pressure curve measured at the periphery is arithmetically transformed into the corresponding central blood pressure curve and the cardiac output is calculated from the central blood pressure curve, the transformation of the blood pressure curve measured at the periphery into the corresponding central blood pressure curve is performed by the aid of an artificial neural network whose weighting values are determined by learning.

Abstract: A calibration system for an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) an internal ADC that receives an analog input and converts the analog input to digital multi-bit data. The calibration system also includes a reference shuffling circuit that shuffles reference values of comparators of the internal ADC. Further, the calibration system includes a calibration circuit that calibrates the comparators of the internal ADC. The calibration system includes a digital block that measures an amplitude based on the digital multi-bit data. Additionally, the calibration system includes calibration logic that controls the calibration circuit based on an output of the digital block.

Abstract: A calibration system for an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) an internal ADC that receives an analog input and converts the analog input to digital multi-bit data. The calibration system also includes a reference shuffling circuit that shuffles reference values of comparators of the internal ADC. Further, the calibration system includes a calibration circuit that calibrates the comparators of the internal ADC. The calibration system includes a digital block that measures an amplitude based on the digital multi-bit data. Additionally, the calibration system includes calibration logic that controls the calibration circuit based on an output of the digital block.

Abstract: The present invention relates to treatment of nephropathy. In particular, the present invention relates to treatment of nephropathy using therapeutic antibodies.

Abstract: A system and method provide for calibrating the frequency response of an electronic filter. The system and method include a radio transmitter with both in-phase and quadrature baseband paths. Each baseband path includes a numerically controlled oscillator (“NCO”), a digital signal path, a digital-to-analog converter (“DAC”), and an analog filter. A low frequency tone is applied from the NCO from one of the baseband path, while a high frequency tone is applied from the NCO in the other baseband path. An analog peak detector at output determines which analog filter has the largest amplitude at the output. The peak detector offset between the two analog filters is offset by stimulating the in-phase and quadrature baseband paths with the respective NCOs to find an amplitude difference between the output signals from the NCOs that makes the output of the analog filters the same.

Abstract: In a method for determining cardiac output from an arterial blood pressure curve measured at the periphery, in which the blood pressure curve measured at the periphery is arithmetically transformed into the corresponding central blood pressure curve and the cardiac output is calculated from the central blood pressure curve, the transformation of the blood pressure curve measured at the periphery into the corresponding central blood pressure curve is performed by the aid of an artificial neural network whose weighting values are determined by learning.