Abstract: A method and related system for programming connections between a NAND flash memory controller and a plurality of NAND flash memory modules includes the NAND flash memory controller generating a switch signal and a swap signal according to a condition of one of the plurality of NAND flash memory modules, a remap module selectively coupling the plurality of NAND flash memory modules to the NAND flash memory controller according to the switch signal, and a swap module selectively coupling the plurality of NAND flash memory modules to the NAND flash memory controller according to the swap signal.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory storage device has a non-volatile memory, e.g., a flash memory, and a controller coupled to the non-volatile memory. The controller comprises a plurality of control circuits and an arbitration circuit. Each control circuit is configured to generate a request to update the chip-enable (CE) signals for non-volatile memory, and the arbitration circuit is configured to determine when the requests are acknowledged. The arbitration circuit generates acknowledge signals to the control circuits when all of the requests of the control circuits have been received by the arbitration circuit. The CE signals for non-volatile memory are updated when requests are acknowledged.

Abstract: A method is employed to manage a memory, e.g., a flash memory, including a plurality of paired pages. Each paired page includes a page and a respective risk zone. For each write command, at least one unwritten page is selected for writing new data. For each unwritten page whose risk zone includes at least one written page, each written page is copied or backed up, and the new data is written to the unwritten page. For each unwritten page whose risk zone lacks a written page, the new data is written to the unwritten page. In an embodiment, the written page is copied only if the unwritten page and the written page are operated by different write commands.

Abstract: A card reader includes a card interface, and one of the pins of the card interface is selected to decide the state of the card interface. The card reader further includes a control circuit to detect the logic state of the selected pin. If the logic state is a first one, the control circuit decides the card interface is enabled; otherwise, if the logic state is a second one, the control circuit decides the card interface is disabled. In some embodiments, a switch is connected between the selected pin and a power supply or a ground terminal, to be switched by a control signal to enable or disable the card interface.

Abstract: A method for copying data in a non-volatile memory system is disclosed. The method includes calculating a number of errors of a first set of data from a source block of the non-volatile memory saved in the buffer of the controller, transmitting the first set of data saved in the buffer of the controller to a buffer of the non-volatile memory when the number of errors is lower than a threshold, and programming a destination block of the non-volatile memory with the first set of data saved in the buffer of the non-volatile memory when the number of errors is lower than the threshold.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory system and a method for reading data therefrom are provided. The data comprises a first sub-data and a second sub-data. The non-volatile memory system comprises a first storage unit and a second storage unit, adapted for storing the two sub-data respectively. The first storage unit reads a first command from the controller, and stores the first sub-data temporarily as the first temporary sub-data according to the first command. The second storage unit reads a second command from the controller, and stores the second sub-data temporarily as the second temporary sub-data according to the second command. The first temporary sub-data is read from the first storage unit. Then, the first storage unit reads a third command from the controller. The second temporary sub-data is also read from the second storage unit while reading the third command. The time for reading data from the non-volatile memory system is reduced.

Abstract: A method and related system for programming connections between a NAND flash memory controller and a plurality of NAND flash memory modules includes the NAND flash memory controller generating a switch signal and a swap signal according to a condition of one of the plurality of NAND flash memory modules, a remap module selectively coupling the plurality of NAND flash memory modules to the NAND flash memory controller according to the switch signal, and a swap module selectively coupling the plurality of NAND flash memory modules to the NAND flash memory controller according to the swap signal.

Abstract: A test pattern generation and comparison circuit creates test pattern stimulus signals for and evaluates response signals from logic or memory such as random access memory (RAM). It utilizes both parallel and serial interfaces to the logic/memory under test. The test pattern generation and comparison circuit further provides a method for testing logic and memory utilizing built-in self test (BIST) techniques. The method uses a programmable logic/memory commands which are translated into physical logic signals and timings for the logic or memory under test. The results of the test pattern generated and applied to the logic or memory are compared to expected results. The result of the comparison is a pass/fail designation. In addition, the comparison of the expected test results with the actual test results provides information on the exact location of the failure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a keyboard button structure. Each button has a pair of side mounted "U" shaped plates. Holes are provided in the housing panel and protrusions are formed inside the holes to permit rapid assembly of the button into the holes, and to prevent loss of buttons. A rubber member between the button and the panel provides button return and also permits feel of the contact and comfortable operation. The invention's novel structure provides economic and other advantages.