Abstract: An electrical chemical plating process is provided. A semiconductor structure is provided in an electrical plating platform. A pre-electrical-plating step is performed wherein the pre-electrical-plating step is carried out under a fixed voltage environment and lasts for 0.2 to 0.5 seconds after the current is above the threshold current of the electrical plating platform. After the pre-electrical-plating step, a first electrical plating step is performed on the semiconductor structure.

Abstract: A method for fabricating through-silicon via structure is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: providing a semiconductor substrate; forming a through-silicon via in the semiconductor substrate; covering a liner in the through-silicon via; performing a baking process on the liner; forming a barrier layer on the liner; and forming a through-silicon via electrode in the through-silicon via.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a metal nitride layer including the following steps is provided. Firstly, a substrate is provided. Then, a physical vapor deposition process is performed at a temperature between 210° C. and 390° C. to form a metal nitride layer on the substrate. Also, the physical vapor deposition process can be performed on a pressure between 21 mTorr and 91 mTorr. The method can be used in the manufacturing process of an interconnection structure for decreasing the film stress of the metal nitride layer. Therefore, the interconnection structure can be prevented from line distortion and film collapse.

Abstract: A wide angle lens module includes a first lens and a second lens with negative refracting power, a third lens and a fourth lens with positive refracting power, a fifth lens with negative refracting power, a sixth lens with positive refracting power, and a seventh lens with negative refracting power. The first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens, the fifth lens, the sixth lens, and the seventh lens are assembled in order from an object side to an image side.

Abstract: A wide angle lens module includes a first lens and a second lens with negative refracting power, a third lens and a fourth lens with positive refracting power, a fifth lens with negative refracting power, a sixth lens with positive refracting power, and a seventh lens with negative refracting power. The first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens, the fifth lens, the sixth lens, and the seventh lens are assembled in order from an object side to an image side.

Abstract: A wide angle lens module includes a first lens and a second lens with negative refracting power, a third lens and a fourth lens with positive refracting power, a fifth lens with negative refracting power, a sixth lens with positive refracting power, and a seventh lens with negative refracting power. The first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens, the fifth lens, the sixth lens, and the seventh lens are disposed in order from an object side to an image side.

Abstract: An exemplary projection lens includes, in this order from the magnification side to the minification side thereof, a negative lens group of negative fraction power, and a positive lens group of positive fraction power. The projection lens satisfies the formulas of: ?2.5<F1/F<?1.5; and 1.3<F2/F<1.5, where F1, F2, and F respectively represent the effective focal lengths of the negative lens group, the positive lens group, and the projection lens.

Abstract: A wide-angle lens module includes a first lens and a second lens with negative refracting power, a third lens with positive refracting power, a fourth lens with negative refracting power, a fifth lens with positive refracting power, a sixth lens with positive refracting power, and a seventh lens with negative refracting power. The first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens, the fifth lens, the sixth lens, and the seventh lens are disposed in order from an object side to an image side.

Abstract: A projecting lens system includes a first lens positive in power, a second lens negative in power, a third lens positive in power, and a fourth lens positive in power. The projecting lens system meets a criteria of 1.4<TT/f<1.7; where TT denotes a total length of the projecting lens system and f denotes an effective focal length of the projecting lens system.

Abstract: An exemplary projection lens includes, in this order from the screen-side thereof, a negative lens group having negative refraction of power, and a positive lens group having positive refraction of power. The positive and negative lens groups each include a number of positive and negative lenses. The focal length of the projection lens is adjustable. The projection lens satisfies the formulas of: ?2<F1/Fw<?1.6; 1.2<F2/Fw<1.4; and Vg2>56, where F1, and F2 respectively represent the effective focal lengths of the negative lens group and the positive lens group, Fw is the shortest effective focal length of the projection lens, and Vg2 is the average of the Abbe numbers of the positive lenses in the positive lens group.

Abstract: A lens system comprises a first lens negative in power, a second lens positive in power, a third lens negative in power, a fourth lens positive in power, a fifth lens negative in power, and a sixth lens positive in power. The lens system meets a criteria of TT/f?1.68 and 0.3<f/f23<0.4, wherein TT denotes a distance between an object-side surface of the first lens and an image plane of the lens system; f23 denoting an effective focal length of a combination of the second lens and the third lens; f denoting an effective focal length of the entire lens system.

Abstract: A projecting lens system includes a first lens positive in power, a second lens negative in power, a third lens positive in power, and a fourth lens positive in power. The projecting lens system meets a criteria of 1.4<TT/f<1.7; where TT denotes a total length of the projecting lens system and f denotes an effective focal length of the projecting lens system.

Abstract: An exemplary projection lens includes, in this order from the magnification side to the minification side thereof, a negative lens group having negative fraction of power, and a positive lens group having positive fraction of power. The positive and negative lens groups each include a number of positive and negative lenses. The focal length of the projection lens is adjustable. The projection lens satisfies the formulas of: ?2<F1/Fw<?1.6; 1.2<F2/Fw<1.4; and Vg2>56, where F1, and F2 respectively represent the effective focal lengths of the negative lens group and the positive lens group, Fw is the shortest effective focal length of the projection lens, and Vg2 is the average of the Abbe number of the positive lenses in the positive lens group.

Abstract: A lens system comprises a first lens negative in power, a second lens positive in power, a third lens negative in power, a fourth lens positive in power, a fifth lens negative in power, and a sixth lens positive in power. The lens system meets a criteria of TT/f?1.68 and 0.3<f/f23<0.4, wherein TT denotes a distance between an object-side surface of the first lens and an image plane of the lens system; f23 denoting an effective focal length of a combination of the second lens and the third lens; f denoting an effective focal length of the entire lens system.

Abstract: An exemplary projection lens includes, in this order from the magnification side to the minification side thereof, a negative lens group of negative fraction power, and a positive lens group of positive fraction power. The projection lens satisfies the formulas of: ?2.5<F1/F<?1.5; and 1.3<F2/F<1.5, where F1, F2, and F respectively represent the effective focal lengths of the negative lens group, the positive lens group, and the projection lens.

Abstract: A wide-angle lens module includes a first lens and a second lens with negative refracting power, a third lens with positive refracting power, a fourth lens with negative refracting power, a fifth lens with positive refracting power, a sixth lens with positive refracting power, and a seventh lens with negative refracting power. The first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens, the fifth lens, the sixth lens, and the seventh lens are disposed in order from an object side to an image side.

Abstract: A wide angle lens module includes a first lens and a second lens with negative refracting power, a third lens and a fourth lens with positive refracting power, a fifth lens with negative refracting power, a sixth lens with positive refracting power, and a seventh lens with negative refracting power. The first lens, the second lens, the third lens, the fourth lens, the fifth lens, the sixth lens, and the seventh lens are disposed in order from an object side to an image side.

Abstract: An exemplary imaging lens includes, in this order from the object side to the image side thereof, a first lens of positive refraction power, a second lens of negative refraction power, a third lens of positive refraction power, and a fourth lens of negative refraction power. The imaging lens satisfies the formulas of: (1) 0.5<F1/F<1; (2) R6>R5>R7, where F1 is the focal length of the first lens, F is the effective focal length of the imaging lens, R5 is the radius of curvature of the object-side surface of the third lens, R6 is the radius of curvature of the image-side surface of the third lens, and R7 is the radius of curvature of the object-side surface of the fourth lens.

Abstract: A lens system comprises a first lens positive in power, a second lens positive in power, a third lens negative in power, a fourth lens positive in power, and a fifth lens negative in power. The lens system meets a criteria of 1.6<TT/f<1.8, 1.6<f/f2<1.8, and ?0.6<f/f5<?0.4, wherein TT denotes a distance between an object-side surface of the first lens and an image plane of the lens system; f2 denoting an effective focal length of the second lens; f denoting an effective focal length of the entire lens system.

Abstract: An exemplary zoom lens for use in projection technology includes, in this order from the magnification side to the minification side thereof, a first lens group having negative refraction of power, a second lens group having positive refraction of power, a third lens group having positive refraction of power, a fourth lens group having negative refraction of power, and a fifth lens group having positive refraction of power, wherein the zoom lens satisfies the formulas: ?1.5<F1/Fw<?1.3, 1.5<F2/Fw<1.8, 1.8<F3/Fw<2.2, ?10<F4/Fw<?5, and 2.3<F5/Fw<2.8, where F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, and Fw respectively represent the effective focal length of the first lens groups, the second lens group, the third lens group, the fourth lens group, the fifth lens group, and the shortest effective focal length of the zoom lens.