Abstract: A method of operating a data compression circuit includes receiving and storing a plurality of data blocks until a cache is full and writing the data blocks that have been stored in the cache to a buffer memory when the cache is full. The method also includes performing forced literal/literal encoding on each of the data blocks regardless of repetitiveness of each data block when the cache is full.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrostatic quadrupole deflector for a microcolumn. The deflector includes an electron beam passage hole, deflecting electrodes to which a deflection voltage is applied, and floating electrodes to which the deflection voltage is not applied. The deflector is structurally stable and has a simple driving system. The deflector has good performance and characteristics.

Abstract: Disclosed is a micro-electron column including nanostructure tips each of which has a tubular, columnar, or blocky structure ranging in size from several nanometers to dozens of nanometers. In the micro-electron column, the nanostructure tips can easily emit electrons because a high electric field is generated at the end of the nanostructure tips when a voltage is applied to the nanostructure tips, and an induction electrode is disposed between the electron emitter and a source lens so as to help electrons emitted from the electron emitter to enter an aperture of a first lens electrode layer of the source lens, thereby realizing improved performance of the micro-electron column. In the micro-electron column, the size of the nanostructure tips may be larger than that of the aperture of a source lens.

Abstract: Disclosed is a micro-electron column having nanostructure tips. The micro-electro column includes an electron emission source that is provided with a plurality of nanostructure tips and emits electrons, a source lens, a deflector, and a focusing lens. The nanostructure tips of the electron emission source spread over an area that is larger than that of an aperture of a first lens electrode of a source lens, which is nearest to the electron emission source.

Abstract: Provided are a method and an apparatus for recognizing a tire by using an image of a tire captured by using a terminal. The apparatus recognizes a tire by converting an image of a round tire included in the image into a linear image, extracting an area of a character to be recognized from the linear image, and determining a character for learning, which is most similar to the extracted area of the character to be recognized from among a pre-constructed group of characters for learning, as a character in the area of the character to be recognized.

Abstract: Provided are a method and an apparatus for measuring tire tread abrasion. The apparatus receiving a moving image of a tire, generates a three-dimensional (3D) image of the tire based on the moving image, and measures tire tread abrasion based on a depth of a tread area in the 3D image.

Abstract: Provided are data compression method, data compression apparatus, and memory system. The data compression method includes receiving input data and generating a hash key for the input data, searching a hash table with the generated hash key, and if it is determined that the input data is a hash hit, compressing the input data using the hash table; and searching a cache memory with the input data, and if it is determined that the input data is a cache hit, compressing the input data using the cache memory.

Abstract: A method of performing a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) operation in a memory system, and a memory controller that uses the same. The method includes initializing a linear feed-back shift register (LFSR) circuit in a CRC polynomial, generating CRC parity information with respect to input data to be stored in a memory device by using the LFSR circuit, and generating a CRC code with respect to the input data based on the CRC parity information, such that the initialization of the LFSR circuit is set such that a register initial value of the LFSR circuit is determined to satisfy a condition that, when data input to the LFSR circuit is first state information, the CRC parity information generated from the LFSR circuit is second state information.

Abstract: In a non-conventional lap tool, i.e., not a stiff tool nor a conformable tool, and related method for grinding/polishing a substrate surface, includes a rigid base plate and attached work surface to define a cavity containing a non-Newtonian fluid. The non-Newtonian fluid behaves as a solid when the work surface is subjected to high shear stress, i.e., rapid tool stroke, yet behaves like a liquid when the tool is moved around the substrate surface when the shear stress of the work surface is low. A diaphragm can be used to further define the cavity and to seal within the non-Newtonian fluid therein.

Abstract: A data compression method includes receiving an input data stream including a previous data block and a current data block, and executing a first comparison of a part of the previous data block with part of a previous reference data block, and a second comparison of the current data block with a current reference data block, where the first and second comparisons are executed in parallel. The method further includes selectively, based on results of the first and second comparisons, outputting the current data block or compressing an extended data block, where the extended data block includes the part of the previous data block and the current data block.

Abstract: A hard-decision decoding method includes performing operations necessary for first updating of a check node while loading data, which is input to a decoder, to an input buffer; first updating the check node by using a result of the performing of the operations after storing data, corresponding to one codeword, to the input buffer; and performing low-density parity check (LDPC) decoding by using a result of the first updating of the check node.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a microcolumn with a double aligner. The microcolumn is configured such that when an axis of an aperture of a limiting aperture is spaced apart from an original path of a particle beam, the path of the particle beam can be effectively compensated for in such a way that the path of the particle beam is aligned with the axis of the aperture of the limiting aperture by the double aligner. The microcolumn includes a source lens. The source lens includes at least two aligner layers which compensate for the path of the particle beam.

Abstract: There is provided a camera module including: an actuator housing accommodating a lens barrel therein; a sensor housing disposed below the actuator housing; a cushion pad disposed between the actuator housing and the sensor housing; a board coupled to a lower portion of the sensor housing and having an image sensor mounted thereon; and a plurality of support wires, one ends thereof being fixed to the actuator housing and the other end fixed to the board.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a multi-particle beam column including electrode layer with eccentric apertures. The multi-particle beam column includes two or more particle beam columns each comprising a particle beam emission source, a deflector, and two or more electrode layers. The multi-particle beam column includes at least one electrode layer having one or more apertures that are eccentric from respective beam optical axes of the particle beam columns.

Abstract: There is provide a wiring substrate, including: a first connection part formed on one side thereof; a second connection part formed on the other side thereof; and an intermediate part formed between the first and second connection parts and having one or more pleats formed therein.

Abstract: A method of modulating data, which is represented by two data types of ‘high’ and ‘low’, and demodulating the modulated data, is disclosed. In a method of data modulation and demodulation for a communication system which has a transmitting end modulating a data and a receiving end demodulating the transmitted data from the transmitting end, the data is represented by two types including ‘high’ and ‘low’, and the receiving end receives at least one data which consists of at least one code-word spread by a unique orthogonal code. The receiving end adds up the received data in the unit of code-word, and subtracts the length of the orthogonal code from a value which is obtained by doubling the sum of the code-word, when the code-word of the orthogonal code is ‘0’. The receiving end then averages the result after the subtraction in the unit of orthogonal code length and extracts the result, and therefore, obtains the data from the transmitting end.

Abstract: An ultra-miniaturized electron optical microcolumn is provided. The electron optical microcolumn includes an electron-emitting source emitting electrons using a field emission principle, an extraction electrode causing the emission of electrons from the electron-emitting source, a focusing electrode to which voltage is flexibly applied in response to a working distance to a target for regulating a focusing force of electron beams emitted from the electron-emitting source, an acceleration electrode accelerating electrons emitted by the extraction electrode, a limit electrode regulating an amount and a size of electron beams using electrons accelerated by the acceleration electrode, and a deflector deflecting electron beams towards the target.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a microcolumn with a double aligner. The microcolumn is configured such that when an axis of an aperture of a limiting aperture is spaced apart from an original path of a particle beam, the path of the particle beam can be effectively compensated for in such a way that the path of the particle beam is aligned with the axis of the aperture of the limiting aperture by the double aligner. The microcolumn includes a source lens. The source lens includes at least two aligner layers which compensate for the path of the particle beam.

Abstract: An ultra-miniaturized electron optical microcolumn is provided. The electron optical microcolumn includes an electron-emitting source emitting electrons using a field emission principle, an extraction electrode causing the emission of electrons from the electron-emitting source, a focusing electrode to which voltage is flexibly applied in response to a working distance to a target for regulating a focusing force of electron beams emitted from the electron-emitting source, an acceleration electrode accelerating electrons emitted by the extraction electrode, a limit electrode regulating an amount and a size of electron beams using electrons accelerated by the acceleration electrode, and a deflector deflecting electron beams towards the target.

Abstract: A processing method includes processing a wafer based on initial data, measuring errors for each of the plurality of areas, calculating an error similarity of at least some of the plurality of areas as a function of a separation distance between each pair of some of the areas, selecting a first area and a plurality of second areas adjacent to the first area, calculating weight values for the second areas based on the error similarities between each pair of second areas and the error similarities between the first area and each second area, calculating an estimated error of the first area based on the measured errors of the second areas and the weight values for the second areas, and generating estimated data based on the estimated errors for each of the plurality of areas.