Abstract: To avoid the adverse effects of a horizontal electric field and vertical crosstalk a liquid-crystal apparatus is characterized by including a Y driver to sequentially send gate signals to gate lines in a liquid-crystal display section; data-signal generation device to divide a field into a plurality of sub fields in the time axis, to use a sub field as a control unit, and to generate a data signal which specifies a sub field to which an on-voltage is applied and a sub field to which an off-voltage is applied, according to data to be displayed; and X driver device to generate the on-voltage or the off-voltage according to the data signal, to invert the level of the generated on-voltage or off-voltage in polarity in a selection period in which pixels arranged on one line in the gate-line direction are driven in the liquid-crystal display section, to invert the polarity of the generated on-voltage or off-voltage in a period in which pixels arranged on all lines in the liquid-crystal display section are driven, a

Abstract: A gas concentration detector prevents deviation in output due to a difference in oxygen reactivity between electrode materials to accurately detect a specific gas component in a gas to be measured, such as NOx in an exhaust gas. A sensor element in an NOx sensor has a pump cell in a first chamber and a sensor cell for decomposing NOx and any remaining oxygen and a monitor cell for decomposing only remaining oxygen in a second chamber. An NOx concentration is detected based on a difference in current output between the sensor cell and the monitor cell. Since the sensor cell and the monitor cell have different oxygen reactivities, an output of the monitor cell is smoothed through a band-pass filter or the like so that output responses of the sensor cell and the monitor cell are made to substantially match each other, thereby eliminating any deviation in output.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of forming a conductive pattern, comprising the steps of: (1) depositing a conductive coating-forming resin layer and an energy beam-sensitive coating layer on a substrate in this order; (2) irradiating a surface of the energy beam-sensitive coating layer with an active energy beam or heat rays directly or through a mask, so as to obtain a desired pattern; (3) developing the energy beam-sensitive coating layer to form a resist pattern coating from the energy beam-sensitive coating layer; and (4) removing revealed portions of the conductive coating-forming resin layer by development. The present invention also provides a method of forming a conductive pattern, comprising the step (1), the step (2), and the step of: (3′) developing the energy beam-sensitive coating layer and the conductive coating-forming resin layer simultaneously.

Abstract: A negative actinic ray-sensitive paste prepared by adding a conductive powder and optionally a heat-fusable inorganic powder to a negative actinic ray-sensitive composition; and

Abstract: With the conventional technique, pixels displays different levels of grayscale resulting from irregularity of a relation in terms of position among selected sub-fields, when the same level of grayscale should be displayed. A pixel driving method according to the present invention includes: a selecting step of sequentially selecting, according to grayscale data, a plurality of first sub-field periods continuous with respect to one another and a plurality of second sub-field periods continuous with respect to one another and following consecutively the plurality of first sub-field periods in a direction moving away from a boundary of the plurality of first sub-field periods and the plurality of second sub-field periods, which is given as the origin; and a driving step of switching ON pixels during the selected sub-field periods.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of forming a conductive pattern, comprising the steps of: (1) applying a positive, energy-sensitive paste composition containing a conductive powder to a substrate, followed by drying, to form a positive, energy-sensitive coating, (2) irradiating the coating with active energy rays or heat rays directly or through a mask so as to obtain a desired pattern, and (3) removing the irradiated part of the coating by development to form a conductive pattern coating; and a method of forming a conductive pattern, wherein the above paste composition is applied to a release film and dried, and using the resulting dry film, a conductive pattern coating is formed in a manner similar to the above.

Abstract: A liquid photocurable composition containing a photopolymerizable polyurethane compound having a repeating unit represented by the following formula: B—[X]n[Y]m—B, where X is represented by the formula: and Y is represented by the formula: —OOCHN—A—NHCOO(R2)—, A is a structural unit derived from a polyisocyanate compound, B is same or different and a structural unit derived from a hydroxy compound having at least one photopolymerizable unsaturated group at molecular terminals respectively and optionally containing an ether linkage, R1 is a structural unit derived from a carboxyl group-containing polyol compound, R2 is a structural unit derived from a polyol compound, n is an integer of 1 to 10, m is an integer of 1 to 10, provided that one X and one Y are bonded to each other, or three or more of X and/or Y are bonded to each other, and optionally containing a photopolymerizable compound other than the photopolymerizable polyurethane co

Abstract: A photosensitive resin composition characterized by comprising (A) a resin having at least one aprotic onium salt represented by the general formula: —COO−·W+  (1) and/or the general formula: (in each of the above general formulas, W+ represents wherein, Z represents a nitrogen atom or phosphorus atom; Y represents a sulfur atom; R1, R2, R3 and R4 each represents an organic group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms), (B) a compound having two or more vinylether groups in a molecule and (C) a compound which generates an acid upon irradiation with actinic energy rays.

Abstract: An organic solvent based photocurable resist composition containing a photopolymerizable polyurethane compound having a repeating unit represented by the following formula: B—[X]n[Y]m—B, where X is represented by the formula: and Y is represented by the formula: —OOCHN—A—NHCOO(R2)—, A is a structural unit derived from a polyisocyanate compound, B is same or different and a structural unit derived from a hydroxy compound having at least one photopolymerizable unsaturated group at molecular terminals respectively and optionally containing an ether linkage, R1 is a structural unit derived from a carboxyl group-containing polyol compound, R2 is a structural unit derived from a polyol compound, n is an integer of 1 to 10, m is an integer of 1 to 10, provided that one X and one Y are bonded to each other, or three or more of X and/or Y are bonded to each other.