Abstract: The invention provides process and apparatus for conducting an endothermic reaction of an organic' compound in the presence of molecular hydrogen and of multicomponent solids. The process comprises contacting the compound with a solid catalyst for the endothermic reaction and a hydrogen oxidizing solid reagent intermixed with the solid catalyst. Organic products of the endothermic reaction are produced, with evolution of molecular hydrogen. The solid catalyst becomes gradually deactivated by formation of carbonaceous deposits thereon. The evolved hydrogen undergoes an exothermic reaction with the hydrogen oxidizing solid reagent to form a reduction product which comprises deactivated hydrogen oxidizing solid reagent.

Abstract: A catalyst composition and method of use of the catalyst composition for producing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The catalyst is cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) on a silica support. The Mo occurs primarily as dispersed Mo oxide clusters on the support while the Co is primarily in an octahedral configuration in a CoMoO4-like phase disposed on the Mo oxide clusters. In the method, the catalyst is used and the process conditions manipulated in such a manner as to enable the diameters of the SWNTs to be substantially controlled.

Abstract: The invention provides process and apparatus for conducting an endothermic reaction of an organic compound in the presence of molecular hydrogen and of multicomponent solids. The process comprises contacting the compound with a solid catalyst for the endothermic reaction and a hydrogen oxidizing solid reagent intermixed with the solid catalyst. Organic products of the endothermic reaction are produced, with evolution of molecular hydrogen. The solid catalyst becomes gradually deactivated by formation of carbonaceous deposits thereon. The evolved hydrogen undergoes an exothermic reaction with the hydrogen oxidizing solid reagent to form a reduction product which comprises deactivated hydrogen oxidizing solid reagent.

Abstract: A metallic catalytic particle for producing single-walled carbon nanotubes. The catalytic particles contain at least one metal from Group VIII, including for example Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt, and at least one metal from Group VIb including for example Mo, W and Cr. The metal component is on a support such as silica.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for catalytic production of carbon nanotubes. Catalytic particles are exposed to different process conditions at successive stages wherein the catalytic particles do not come in contact with reactive (catalytic) gases until preferred process conditions have been attained, thereby controlling the quantity and form of carbon nanotubes produced. The method also contemplates methods and apparatus which recycle and reuse the gases and catalytic particulate materials, thereby maximizing cost efficiency, reducing wastes, reducing the need for additional raw materials, and producing the carbon nanotubes, especially SWNTs, in greater quantities and for lower costs.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for catalytic production of carbon nanotubes. Catalytic particles are exposed to different process conditions at successive stages wherein the catalytic particles do not come in contact with reactive (catalytic) gases until preferred process conditions have been attained, thereby controlling the quantity and form of carbon nanotubes produced. The method also contemplates methods and apparatus which recycle and reuse the gases and catalytic particulate materials, thereby maximizing cost efficiency, reducing wastes, reducing the need for additional raw materials, and producing the carbon nanotubes, especially SWNTs, in greater quantities and for lower costs.

Abstract: A method for producing carbon nanotubes by contacting a carbon containing gas with metallic catalytic particles. The catalytic particles contain at least one metal from Group VIII, including for example Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt, and at least one metal from Group VIb including for example Mo, W and Cr. The metal component may be deposited on a support. Preferably, a substantial percentage of the nanotubes formed are single-walled carbon nanotubes. Further, a method for determining catalyst composition and reaction conditions for optimizing production of single-walled carbon nanotubes is also disclosed.

Abstract: A catalytic material is provided which effectuates the aromatization, reformation, and dehydrogenation of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and mixtures of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons. The catalyst comprises an L-zeolite associated with a Group VIII metal such as platinum and having a rare earth metal ion incorporated therein. A method of using the catalytic material is also provided.

Abstract: A catalytic material is provided which effectuates the aromatization, reformation, and dehydrogenation of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and mixtures of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons. The catalyst comprises an L-zeolite associated with a Group VIII metal such as platinum and having a rare earth metal ion incorporated therein. A method of using the catalytic material is also provided.

Abstract: A catalytic material is provided which effectuates the aromatization, reformation, and dehydrogenation of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and mixtures of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons. The catalyst comprises an L-zeolite associated with a Group VIII metal such as platinum and having a rare earth metal ion incorporated therein. A method of using the catalytic material is also provided.

Abstract: The invention comprises a process for selectively oxidizing hydrogen in a mixture with other gaseous materials by contacting the hydrogen containing gas under oxidation conditions with a catalyst comprising a phosphate of a metal wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of germanium, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.

Abstract: New compositions of matter comprise a metal from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium and palladium, a metal from the first row of Group VIII of the Periodic Table and a nonacidic L-zeolite. A preferred composition is Pt--Ni/KL-zeolite. Such catalysts are prepared by coimpregnation of the zeolite with the metals. Methods of using the catalysts in reforming, aromatization or dehydrogenation are provided.

Abstract: Organic compounds are dehydrogenated by contact with a catalyst prepared by oxidizing and then sulfiding a composition comprising Group VIIIA (first or second row) catalytic metal on a nonacidic porous support, for example alumina, to produce compositions which have good dispersion of a catalytically active metal component and of sulfide species over the surface of the compositions and high activity as catalysts for the dehydrogenation of organic compounds. In one embodiment of the invention the catalyst used in the process of the invention has ratios of nickel, and/or sulfide species to peak areas of aluminum in the support, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which improve their activity and stability for use as dehydrogenation catalysts.

Abstract: Compositions of matter comprising sulfided nickel and nonacidic alumina, and having certain ratios of specific peak areas for nickel, for aluminum, for sulfide ion and/or for cesium, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, are useful as catalysts for dehydrogenation of organic compounds, and are superior as such catalysts to otherwise similar compositions not having such ratios.

Abstract: The process of the invention comprises oxidizing and then sulfiding materials comprising Group VIA or Group VIIIA (first or second row) catalytic metal on a nonacidic porous support, to produce compositions which have good dispersion of a catalytically active metal component and of sulfide species over the surface of the compositions and high activity as catalysts for the dehydrogenation of organic compounds.

Abstract: Alkanes are dehydrogenated by passage through alternating dehydrogenation zones and selective oxidation zone(s), in which latter zone(s) hydrogen produced in the preceding endothermic dehydrogenation reaction is selectively oxidized to generate heat for the succeeding dehydrogenation reaction. New catalyst compositions are prepared comprising reduced and sulfided nickel crystallites on siliceous supports which have been treated with chromium compounds and oxidized to provide surface-anchored chromyl species. Also new catalyst compositions are prepared by sulfiding nickel-containing compositions with carbonaceous sulfur compounds such as dialkylsulfoxides. Another embodiment of the invention is catalyst and dehydrogenation therewith, in which pores having radius of 50 to 200 Angstroms occupy pore volume from 0.30 to 1.50 ml per gram of the support, and pores having radius of 20 to 50 Angstroms occupy pore volume less than 0.1 ml per gram of the support.