Abstract: The application relates to a method and apparatus used in Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). The apparatus includes: a Radio Frequency (RF) interface; and processor circuitry coupled with the RF interface and configured to: determine Buffered Unit (BU) information, which indicates presence or absence of BUs for a set of non-Access Point (AP) Multi-link Devices (MLDs) on an AP MLD; encapsulate the BU information for the set of non-AP MLDs in a Multilink (ML) Traffic Indication Map (TIM) information element; and provide the ML TIM information element to the RF interface for broadcasting, wherein the ML TIM information element comprises a series of TIM segments and each TIM segment contains the BU information, which indicates the presence or absence of BUs for a subset of non-AP MLDs on a corresponding AP within the AP MLD.

Abstract: Multi-link device (MLD) devices and transitions are described. The MAC addresses of the AP MLD and non-AP MLD are used to generate keys for different fast transitions (FT) between a non-AP MLD and an AP MLD. In an FT initial mobility domain operation, the AP MLD MAC address is used as the R1KH-ID and the non-AP MLD MAC address is used as the S0KH-ID and S1KH-ID. The MAC addresses are exchanged in Authentication Request/Response or Association Request/Response messages and the GTK/IGTK/BIGTK are delivered in a single FT 4-way handshake. In a fast MLD transition to an AP MLD in the same ESS, the other AP MLD MAC address is used as the R1KH-ID and the non-AP MLD MAC address is used as the S1KH-ID. The MAC addresses are exchanged in Authentication Request/Response or Association Request/Response messages and the GTK/IGTK/BIGTK are delivered in an FTE.

Abstract: An apparatus of a station (STA) includes memory and processing circuitry coupled to the memory. The processing circuitry is configured to encode a capabilities element for transmission to an access point (AP). The capabilities element including a media access control (MAC) capabilities information field indicating a trigger frame MAC padding duration. The processing circuitry decodes an extremely high throughput (EHT) protocol data unit (PPDU) received in response to the capabilities element. The EHT PPDU includes an EHT trigger frame (EHT-TF) in a data portion of the EHT PPDU, a packet extension (PE) field, and a dummy orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol extending the PE field. The processing circuitry performs physical layer (PHY) and MAC processing of the EHT PPDU based on a duration of the dummy OFDM symbol.

Abstract: Multi-link device (MLD) security association (SA) query and query response procedures are described. Any of the links between an access point (AP) MLD and a non-AP MLD may be used to initiate association, reassociation, or disassociation procedures using the SA query requests and responses. The SA query request or response from one of the stations (STAs) associated with the MLD is sent to a corresponding linked one of the STAs associated with the other MLD. The SA request or response is addressed to the other MLD rather than the STA of the other MLD. Retry timeouts and maximum timeouts for resending SA query requests are set by the AP MLD and the same across each of the links.

Abstract: An extremely high throughput (EHT) device configured for operation in an EHT network may negotiate a block acknowledge (BA) agreement with another EHT device including negotiate a maximum size of a receive reordering buffer to be up to one-third of sequence number (SN) space The SN space may have a predetermined maximum number of 4096 entries and may be signaled by twelve bits. When a larger reordering buffer is needed, the EHT STA may be configured to negotiate a larger reordering buffer size and additional SN space and may be configured to add additional signalling bits to signal the additional SN space.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to security for multi-link operations. A multi-link device (MLD) may establish a first communication link between a first device of the MLD and a first device of a second MLD, and a second communication link between a second device of the MLD and a second device of the second MLD. The MLD may generate a group-addressed message. The MLD may protect the group-addressed message using a first key or a first integrity key. The MLD may protect the group-addressed message using a second key or a second integrity key. The MLD may send, using the first communication link, the group-addressed message protected using the first key or the first integrity key, and may send, using the second communication link, the group-addressed message protected using the second key or the second integrity key.

Abstract: An access point (AP) configured for multi-AP coordinated beamforming (CBF) and multi-AP joint transmission (JT) in an Extremely High Throughput (EHT) wireless local area network (WLAN), when operating as a master AP (AP1) in a multi-AP network, is configured to encode a null data packet announcement (NDPA) frame for multi-AP channel sounding. The NDPA is configured for transmission to a second AP (AP2) and a plurality of stations (STAs) of an EHT group. The NDPA may be encoded to have an information field indicating whether a sounding sequence type is for JT channel sounding or CBF channel sounding. The NDPA may further be encoded to include fields identifying the APs participating in the channel sounding. In these embodiments, the channel sounding sequence for JT can be reused for the channel sounding on CBF.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to group addressed data delivery. A device may determine a plurality of links between one or more access points (APs) in an AP multi-link device (MLD) and one or more logical non-AP stations (STAs) in a non-AP MLD. The device may determine one or more group addressed frames to be sent from the one or more APs of the AP MLD to the one or more non-AP STAs of the non-AP MLD. The device may generate a delivery traffic indication map (DTIM) associated with each link to be used by the one or more non-AP STAs of the non-AP MLD to receive group addressed frames. The device may perform an action based on whether the non-AP MLD sent an indication that a first link of the plurality of links is selected by the non-AP MLD for receiving a first group addressed frame from the one or more group addressed frames.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for arranging sounding symbol are provided. An example apparatus comprises memory; and processing circuitry coupled to the memory. The processing circuitry is configured to encode a sounding signal. The sounding signal comprises a plurality of sounding symbols, and the repetition of sounding symbols to be transmitted in sequence is avoided.

Abstract: Embodiments of a multi-link access point (AP) device, station (STA) and method of communication are generally described herein. The multi-link AP device may comprise multiple APs. The multi-link AP device may encode a frame for transmission by one of the APs of the multi-link AP device. The multi-link AP device may encode the frame to include signaling to enable multi-link discovery of the APs of the multi-link AP device. The multi-link AP device may encode the signaling to include: a reduced neighbor report (RNR) element that identifies the APs of the multi-link AP device, and a multiple AP element. The multiple AP element may be configurable to include: common information for the APs of the multi-link AP device, and per-AP sub-elements that include per-AP information related to the APs of the multi-link AP device.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to an invalid location measurement report (LMR) indication. A device may identify a first null data packet (NDP) received from a first station device during, wherein the first NDP is used for channel sounding. The device may perform a time of arrival (ToA) calculation based on the NDP. The device may determine an invalid indication associated with the first NDP based on the ToA calculation. The device may generate an LMR comprising of the invalid measurement indication. The device may cause to send the LMR to the first device.

Abstract: The disclosure provides some embodiments for securing long training field (LTF) sequence. A responding station (RSTA) configures a location management report (LMR) frame. The LMR frame is configured to include an LMR in respect of a previous measurement, and data to be used to generate a null data packet (NDP) for a current measurement that is to be performed following the previous measurement. The RSTA further encrypts the LMR frame using protected management frames (PMF) scheme, and transmits the encrypted LMR frame to an initiating station (ISTA) for generating an LTF sequence for the current measurement. In response to receiving an NDP announcement (NDPA) and an NDP for the current measurement from the ISTA, the RSTA generates an NDP for the current measurement based on the NDPA and the data using CCMP, and transmits the NDP to the ISTA.

Abstract: Biomarkers relating to cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy, are provided, as well as methods for using such biomarkers as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. In addition, methods for modulating the respective disorders or conditions of a subject are also provided. Also provided are suites of small molecule entities as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy.

Abstract: A method in a receiver includes receiving from a transmitter a sequence of communication packets, which carry data encrypted with an encryption scheme. The encryption scheme depends on a counter value that is incremented independently by each of the transmitter and the receiver. Attempts are made to decrypt the data of a received packet multiple times using different, respective counter values, to produce multiple respective decrypted outputs. A decrypted output in which the data has been decrypted correctly is identified, the counter value is corrected, and the data of the received packet is recovered from the identified decrypted output.

Abstract: A method includes, in a mobile communication terminal, detecting degradation in communication quality between the terminal and a serving base station during establishment of a call via the serving base station. During the establishment of the call via the serving base station, the terminal searches for an alternative base station that is suitable for establishing the call. Upon finding the alternative base station, a switch is made to establish the call via the alternative base station.

Abstract: Biomarkers relating to insulin resistance are provided, as well as methods for using the same as biomarkers for insulin resistance. Also provided are suites of small molecule entities as biomarkers for insulin resistance.

Abstract: A method in a receiver includes receiving from a transmitter a sequence of communication packets, which carry data encrypted with an encryption scheme. The encryption scheme depends on a counter value that is incremented independently by each of the transmitter and the receiver. Attempts are made to decrypt the data of a received packet multiple times using different, respective counter values, to produce multiple respective decrypted outputs. A decrypted output in which the data has been decrypted correctly is identified, the counter value is corrected, and the data of the received packet is recovered from the identified decrypted output.

Abstract: Biomarkers relating to insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, type-2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy are provided, as well as methods for using such biomarkers as biomarkers for insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, type-2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy. In addition, methods for modulating the respective disorders or conditions of a subject are also provided. Also provided are suites of small molecule entities as biomarkers for insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, type-2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy.

Abstract: Biomarkers relating to insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, type-2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy are provided, as well as methods for using such biomarkers as biomarkers for insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, type-2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy. In addition, methods for modulating the respective disorders or conditions of a subject are also provided. Also provided are suites of small molecule entities as biomarkers for insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, type-2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy.

Abstract: A method includes, in a mobile communication terminal, detecting degradation in communication quality between the terminal and a serving base station during establishment of a call via the serving base station. During the establishment of the call via the serving base station, the terminal searches for an alternative base station that is suitable for establishing the call. Upon finding the alternative base station, a switch is made to establish the call via the alternative base station.