Abstract: A half bridge comprising: a high side (HS) transistor; a low side (LS) transistor connected in series with the high side transistor at an output node of the half bridge; and a third quadrant state (TQS) detector connected in parallel with the HS or LS transistor and in series respectively with the LS and/or HS transistor, which TQS detector generates a signal responsive to a direction of a voltage drop across the transistor that is in parallel with the TQS detector.

Abstract: Alternating electric fields (e.g., TTFields) may be applied to a subject's body using electrode assemblies, each of which includes a plurality of graphite sheets (or sheets of another conductive anisotropic material) that are positioned adjacent to, but not touching, each other. One or more electrode elements are disposed in electrical contact with each of the graphite sheets. Strips of electrically insulating and thermally conductive material are disposed between the graphite sheets, and these strips are positioned in thermal contact with the adjacent graphite sheets. The graphite sheets facilitate the passive spreading of heat within the confines of any given sheet. And the strips of material allow the passive spreading of heat to continue beyond the confines of any given sheet without compromising inter-sheet electrical isolation.

Abstract: An apparatus can include a subassembly having one or more electrode elements, each electrode element having a skin-facing side and a skin-facing surface. The apparatus can further comprise a skin contact layer comprising a conductive adhesive. The skin contact layer can be coupled to the subassembly and can be disposed on the skin-facing side of the electrode elements. The conductive adhesive is electrically coupled to the electrode and configured to contact skin of a subject. At least a portion of the skin contact layer is selectively removable from the subassembly.

Abstract: An apparatus includes: at least one electrode element; a layer of anisotropic material; a first layer of conductive adhesive positioned between a skin-facing surface of the at least one electrode element and an outwardly facing surface of the layer of anisotropic material; and a skin contact layer. The skin contact layer includes a biocompatible conductive adhesive and is disposed on a skin-facing side of the layer of anisotropic material. The first layer of conductive adhesive facilitates electrical contact between the skin-facing surface of the at least one electrode element and the outwardly facing surface of the layer of anisotropic material. A plurality of openings extend through the layer of anisotropic material.

Abstract: A power switch comprising: a cascode having a normally ON transistor connected in series with a normally OFF transistor at a cascode node; a safety switch between a gate of the normally ON transistor and a first ground common to the cascode and the switch; and a controller comprising: a controller power supply having a power supply output connected to the cascode node at which output the controller power supply provides a voltage relative to a second ground that is floating relative to the first ground; a first controller output connected to the gate of the normally ON transistor at which the controller generates a first voltage relative to the second ground; wherein the controller power supply is connected to the safety switch and voltage provided by the controller power supply is coupled to and operates to maintain the safety switch OFF and nonconducting and in the absence of the voltage the safety switch is turned ON and conducting.

Abstract: An assembly for providing tumor treating fields includes an electrode subassembly with at least one electrode element. The electrode subassembly has a skin-facing surface and an opposing outwardly facing surface. The assembly further includes a skin contact subassembly removably coupled to the skin-facing surface of the electrode subassembly. The skin contact subassembly includes a base portion. The base portion includes an electrically conductive skin contact layer configured to contact skin of a subject. The skin contact subassembly further includes a plurality of flaps, each flap having a respective edge congruent with or attached to the base portion and pivotably coupled to the base portion. The respective edges of the plurality of flaps cooperate to at least partially surround a receiving area. The electrode subassembly has an outer perimeter that overlies the receiving area and fits within an outer perimeter of the receiving area.

Abstract: Apparatuses for use in applying TTFields are disclosed. An apparatus comprises an electrode subassembly including at least one electrode element having a skin-facing side and a skin-facing surface. The apparatus further includes a skin contact subassembly comprising a skin contact conductive adhesive or gel configured to contact skin of a subject. One of the electrode subassembly or the skin contact subassembly comprises an electrically conductive polymer layer, and the other of the electrode subassembly or the skin contact subassembly comprises a second conductive adhesive or gel. The electrically conductive polymer layer is disposed against, and removably coupled to, the second conductive adhesive or gel, thereby removably coupling the electrode subassembly to the skin contact subassembly so that the skin contact conductive adhesive or gel is electrically coupled to the at least one electrode element.

Abstract: A transducer apparatus for delivering tumor treating fields to a subject's body, the transducer apparatus including: an array of electrodes, the array configured to be positioned over the subject's body with a front face of the array facing the subject's body, the array comprising electrode elements; an anisotropic material layer electrically coupled to the array of electrodes and located on a front side of the front face of the array, the anisotropic material layer comprising a front face and a back face, the back face facing the array of electrodes, the anisotropic material layer further including a hole passing through the front face and the back face of the anisotropic material layer; and a foam layer coupled to the front face of the anisotropic material layer and covering the hole on the front face of the anisotropic material layer.

Abstract: Short circuit protection circuitry comprising: a HEMT (high electron mobility transistor) comprising a source, drain, and gate controllable to be turned ON and OFF by voltage applied to the gate; a comparator having an input coupled to a high-pass filter and an output at which the comparator generates an output signal responsive to a voltage induced across an inductance if the voltage after filtering by the filter exhibits a voltage surge greater than a threshold voltage; and a voltage divider controllable to be turned ON and turned OFF to control voltage provided to the gate of the HEMT, and wherein the voltage divider is turned ON responsive to the output signal from the comparator to provide the gate with a reduced voltage that is less than an ON-threshold voltage of the HEMT.

Abstract: Alternating electric fields (e.g., TTFields) can be applied to a subject's body using a pair of electrode assemblies, each of which includes a flexible insulating substrate and a plurality of conductive pads disposed on a front side of the flexible insulating substrate. Each of the conductive pads includes a layer of nickel, a layer of palladium disposed on a front side of the layer of nickel, and a layer of gold disposed on a front side of the layer of palladium. A plurality of flexible polymer regions made from Poly(VDF-TrFE-CtFE), Poly(VDF-TrFE-CFE), and/or Poly(VDF-TrFE-CFE-CTFE) are disposed on the front side of the conductive pads. When an AC voltage is applied between the pair of electrode assemblies, an AC current will be capacitively coupled into the subject's body, which will induce the alternating electric fields in the subject's body.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to obeticholic acid formulations with improved stability, dissolution, and/or solubility, methods of preparing the same for use and methods of treating various diseases and conditions.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an outer adhesive layer comprising a conductive gel or conductive adhesive, at least one layer of anisotropic material, a layer of dielectric material, and a skin contact layer comprising a conductive gel or conductive adhesive. The at least one layer of anisotropic material and the layer of dielectric material are positioned between the outer adhesive layer and the skin contact layer. The layer of dielectric material contacts at least a first layer of the at least one layer of anisotropic material to form a capacitive structure.

Abstract: A transducer array for delivering tumor treating fields (TTFields) to a subject's body, comprising: an electrode array comprising a plurality of electrode elements, a front face, and a back face, the electrode array configured to deliver TTFields to the subject's body; at least one void space capable of enclosing an areal footprint equivalent to at least a portion of an areal footprint of at least one electrode element position, and superimposable on at least a portion of at least one electrode element position by rotation of the electrode array; a first conductive adhesive layer located on the front face of the electrode array; a second conductive adhesive layer comprising a front face for facing the subject's body and a back face facing the front face of the first conductive adhesive layer; wherein the first conductive adhesive layer and the second conductive adhesive layer comprise different adhesives.

Abstract: Apparatuses for use in applying TTFields are disclosed. An apparatus comprises an electrode subassembly including at least one electrode element having a skin-facing side and a skin-facing surface. The apparatus further includes a skin contact subassembly comprising a skin contact conductive adhesive or gel configured to contact skin of a subject. One of the electrode subassembly or the skin contact subassembly comprises an electrically conductive polymer layer, and the other of the electrode subassembly or the skin contact subassembly comprises a second conductive adhesive or gel. The electrically conductive polymer layer is disposed against, and removably coupled to, the second conductive adhesive or gel, thereby removably coupling the electrode subassembly to the skin contact subassembly so that the skin contact conductive adhesive or gel is electrically coupled to the at least one electrode element.

Abstract: A transducer array including a conductive layer and a conductive gel layer is described. The conductive layer has one or more electrode element. The one or more electrode element is configured to receive electrical signals from an electric field generator producing an electric signal as a Tumor Treating Field. The conductive gel layer overlaps the one or more electrode element of the conductive layer. The conductive gel layer has a first region and a second region. The first region has a first resistivity and the second region having a second resistivity with the first resistivity being different from the second resistivity.

Abstract: An apparatus for use in applying TTFields includes an electrode subassembly. The electrode subassembly includes at least one electrode element having a skin-facing side and a skin-facing surface and a dielectric layer on the skin-facing side of the at least one electrode element. The dielectric layer includes at least one fluoroelastomer. The electrode subassembly includes a skin-facing surface and the dielectric layer provides the skin-facing surface of the electrode subassembly. A skin contact subassembly is coupled to the electrode subassembly. The skin contact subassembly includes a skin contact conductive adhesive or gel configured to contact skin of a subject. The skin contact conductive adhesive or gel is electrically coupled to the at least one electrode element when the skin contact subassembly is disposed against the skin-facing surface of the electrode subassembly. The skin contact subassembly is releasably coupled to the electrode subassembly.

Abstract: In one aspect, an apparatus comprises an electrode subassembly. The electrode assembly comprises at least one electrode element having a skin-facing side and a skin-facing surface and a dielectric layer on the skin-facing side of the at least one electrode element. The dielectric layer has a dielectric constant of at least 10 and comprises at least one polymer. The electrode subassembly comprises a skin-facing surface. The dielectric layer provides the skin-facing surface of the electrode subassembly. A skin contact subassembly is coupled to the electrode subassembly. The skin contact subassembly comprises a skin contact conductive adhesive or gel configured to contact skin of a subject. The skin contact conductive adhesive or gel is electrically coupled to the at least one electrode element when the skin contact subassembly is disposed against the skin-facing surface of the electrode subassembly. The skin contact subassembly is releasably coupled to the electrode subassembly.

Abstract: A first system may receive first data of a user associated with a first identifier and second data of the user associated with a second identifier that exclude user identifying information from a first and second data source, respectively. A key may be received from a second system that associates the first and second identifier with a common identifier generated to preserve user anonymity at the first system. The key may be used to generate aggregated data for the user that includes the first and second data and is associated with the common identifier. The aggregated data may be processed to determine the user as a candidate for an offer set. The common identifier for the user is included in a candidacy list for the offer set, and provided to the second system to facilitate request processing associated with the presentation of the offer set to candidate users.

Abstract: Alternating electric fields (e.g., Tumor Treating Fields or TTFields) can be applied to a subject's body using an apparatus (e.g., a transducer array) that includes at least one metal pad disposed on a substrate and a plurality of temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors). The temperature sensors are disposed on the substrate at positions that are outside a first convex hull that encloses the at least one metal pad (e.g., at the edges of the apparatus). A layer of graphite is disposed in front of the metal pads and the temperature sensors and is in thermal contact with both the metal pads and the temperature sensors. Positioning the thermistors outside the first convex hull (e.g., at the edges of the apparatus) can help prevent overheating in situations where the edges of the apparatus tend to be the hottest portions of the apparatus.