Abstract: A method for inspecting a fastened structure, the fastened structure having at least one structural member defining a bore therein and a mechanical fastener received in the bore, includes applying acoustic energy to the fastened structure, the acoustic energy being applied over a plurality of frequencies, measuring a response of the fastened structure across at least two frequencies of the plurality of frequencies, and comparing the response of the fastened structure at the at least two frequencies of the plurality of frequencies to predefined values for the at least two frequencies of the plurality of frequencies to determine whether an out-of-tolerance condition is present.

Abstract: A method for inspecting a bonded structure, the bonded structure having a first structural member, a second structural member, and a bondline between the first structural member and the second structural member, includes projecting acoustic waves into the bonded structure at a non-zero angle relative to a normal axis defined by an external surface of the first structural member. The method further includes determining a magnitude of a total refraction of the acoustic waves after the acoustic waves pass through the bonded structure and comparing the magnitude of the total refraction to a predefined value.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a vehicular frame, a utility bed, and a passenger restraint assembly. The utility bed is coupled with the vehicular frame and includes a bed floor, a side wall, and a rear scat. The passenger restraint assembly includes a securing member, a belt and a retractor. The securing member is coupled with the utility bed adjacent to the rear seat. The belt includes a first end; a second end, and a securing portion. The securing portion is configured for selective engagement with the securing member. The retractor is coupled with the side wall. The retractor includes a carrier that is coupled with the first end of the belt and is configured to facilitate selective dispensation of the belt.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a vehicular frame, a utility bed, and a locking device. The utility bed is pivotally coupled with the vehicular frame and is pivotable between a hauling position and a dumping position. The locking device is operable between a locked position and an unlocked position and is configured to prevent the utility bed from pivoting to the dumping position when the locking device is in the locked position.

Abstract: A motorcycle is provided that includes a drivetrain. The drivetrain includes a transmission having a transmission output shaft and also includes a gearcase coupled with the transmission output shaft. The gearcase has a gearcase output shaft. The transmission output shaft is rotatable in a first direction and the gearcase output shaft is rotatable in a second direction that is opposite the first direction.

Abstract: A motorcycle is provided that includes a drivetrain. The drivetrain includes a transmission having a transmission output shaft and also includes a gearcase coupled with the transmission output shaft. The gearcase having has a gearcase output shaft. The transmission output shaft is rotatable in a first direction and the gearcase output shaft is rotatable in a second direction that is opposite the first direction.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a vehicular frame, a utility bed, a seat back, and a seat bottom. The utility bed is coupled with the vehicular frame. The utility bed comprises a bed frame, a bed floor, and an end wall. The bed floor comprises first and second floor portions. The first floor portion is pivotable between an upright position and a cargo support position. The second floor portion is coupled with the frame. The end wall is movably coupled with the bed frame and is moveable between an erected position and a collapsed position. The seat back is coupled with first floor portion. The seat bottom is coupled with the end wall. When the first floor portion is in the upright position with the end wall in the collapsed position, the seat back and the seat bottom cooperate to provide a seat.

Abstract: A throttle body includes first and second intake conduits, first and second valves, and first and second gears. The first and second intake conduits are configured for respective placement in fluid communication with first and second cylinder housings of an engine. The first valve is associated with the first intake conduit and is movable to selectively adjust restriction of the first intake conduit to passage of fluid. The second valve is associated with the second intake conduit and is movable to selectively adjust restriction of the second intake conduit to passage of fluid. The first gear is attached to the first valve and the second gear attached to the second valve. The second gear is engaged with the first gear such that the first and second gears correspondingly rotate. Engines and saddle-type vehicles are also provided.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a vehicular frame, a utility bed, and a locking device. The utility bed is pivotally coupled with the vehicular frame and is pivotable between a hauling position and a dumping position. The locking device is operable between a locked position and an unlocked position and is configured to prevent the utility bed from pivoting to the dumping position when the locking device is in the locked position.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a vehicular frame, a utility bed, and a passenger restraint assembly. The utility bed is coupled with the vehicular frame and includes a bed floor, a side wall, and a rear scat. The passenger restraint assembly includes a securing member, a belt and a retractor. The securing member is coupled with the utility bed adjacent to the rear seat. The belt includes a first end; a second end, and a securing portion. The securing portion is configured for selective engagement with the securing member. The retractor is coupled with the side wall. The retractor includes a carrier that is coupled with the first end of the belt and is configured to facilitate selective dispensation of the belt.

Abstract: A motorcycle is provided that includes a frame and an engine supported by the frame. The motorcycle also includes a continuously variable transmission operatively driven by the engine and a reduction gearset operatively driven by the continuously variable transmission. The motorcycle further includes a rotatable rear wheel operatively, indirectly driven by the reduction gearset and a swing-arm assembly pivotably mounted, at a forward end thereof, on the frame. The swing-arm assembly is coupled, at a rear end thereof, to the rear wheel. The swing-arm assembly includes first and second elongated and laterally spaced fork members. The reduction gearset set is positioned forward of the rear wheel and laterally between the first and second fork members.

Abstract: A vehicle, such as a motorcycle, includes an engine having first and second cylinder housings arranged in a V-shape such that a space is defined between the first and second cylinder housings. The first cylinder housing includes a first exhaust port and the second cylinder housing includes a second exhaust port. A first exhaust pipe is attached to the first exhaust port and is configured to facilitate passage of exhaust fluid from the first cylinder housing and toward a muffler. A second exhaust pipe is attached to the second exhaust port and is configured to facilitate passage of exhaust fluid from the second cylinder housing and toward the muffler. The second exhaust pipe extends through the space.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a front wheel, a rear wheel, an engine, and a jack shaft. The engine is coupled with the rear wheel and the jack shaft. The jack shaft is configured to selectively couple the engine with the front wheel.

Abstract: A motorcycle includes a frame and an engine supported by the frame. A continuously variable transmission is operatively and indirectly driven by the engine and is supported by the frame. A rotatable rear wheel is operatively and indirectly driven by the continuously variable transmission, which is generally vertically oriented.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a vehicular frame, a utility bed, a seat back, and a scat bottom. The utility bed is coupled with the vehicular frame. The utility bed comprises a bed frame, a bed floor, and an end wall. The bed floor comprises first and second floor portions. The first floor portion is pivotable between an upright position and a cargo support position. The second floor portion is coupled with the frame. The end wall is movably coupled with the bed frame and is moveable between an erected position and a collapsed position. The seat back is coupled with first floor portion. The seat bottom is coupled with the end wall. When the first floor portion is in the upright position with the end wall in the collapsed position, the seat back and the seat bottom cooperate to provide a seat.

Abstract: A vehicle, such as a motorcycle, includes an engine and a frame. The engine includes a cylinder housing and a spark plug. The cylinder housing defines a spark plug aperture. The spark plug is received within the spark plug aperture. The frame supports the engine and comprises a frame member. The frame member is adjacent to the cylinder housing and defines an access aperture. The access aperture is substantially aligned with the spark plug aperture. The access aperture is configured to facilitate installation and removal of the spark plug with respect to the spark plug aperture. Methods of installing and replacing a spark plug are also provided.

Abstract: A vehicle, such as a motorcycle, includes an engine and a frame. The engine includes a cylinder housing and a spark plug. The cylinder housing defines a spark plug aperture. The spark plug is received within the spark plug aperture. The frame supports the engine and comprises a frame member. The frame member is adjacent to the cylinder housing and defines an access aperture. The access aperture is substantially aligned with the spark plug aperture. The access aperture is configured to facilitate installation and removal of the spark plug with respect to the spark plug aperture. Methods of installing and replacing a spark plug are also provided.

Abstract: A vehicle, such as a motorcycle, includes an engine having first and second cylinder housings arranged in a V-shape such that a space is defined between the first and second cylinder housings. The first cylinder housing includes a first exhaust port and the second cylinder housing includes a second exhaust port. A first exhaust pipe is attached to the first exhaust port and is configured to facilitate passage of exhaust fluid from the first cylinder housing and toward a muffler. A second exhaust pipe is attached to the second exhaust port and is configured to facilitate passage of exhaust fluid from the second cylinder housing and toward the muffler. The second exhaust pipe extends through the space.

Abstract: A throttle body includes first and second intake conduits, first and second valves, and first and second gears. The first and second intake conduits are configured for respective placement in fluid communication with first and second cylinder housings of an engine. The first valve is associated with the first intake conduit and is movable to selectively adjust restriction of the first intake conduit to passage of fluid. The second valve is associated with the second intake conduit and is movable to selectively adjust restriction of the second intake conduit to passage of fluid. The first gear is attached to the first valve and the second gear attached to the second valve. The second gear is engaged with the first gear such that the first and second gears correspondingly rotate. Engines and saddle-type vehicles are also provided.

Abstract: A saddle-type vehicle, such as a motorcycle, includes a frame, a left radiator, and a right radiator. The frame includes a steering interface and a forward member which are each intersected by an imaginary plane which bisects the saddle-type vehicle into left and right sides. The left radiator is supported by the frame and is disposed upon the left side of the saddle-type vehicle. The right radiator is supported by the frame, is spaced from the left radiator, and is disposed upon the right side of the saddle-type vehicle.