Abstract: A method for determining a corrosion rate includes receiving an input signal including corrosion data from a sensor. A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a type of noise is determined from the input signal. A corrosion rate computation method is selected based on the SNR and the type of noise. The corrosion rate is determined, using a processor, based on a selected corrosion rate computation method.

Abstract: A system for increasing filter economy includes a memory configured to receive measurements of contaminants in an internal and an external environment. A cost effectiveness module is configured to determine a cost of a corrosion rate increase if unfiltered external air intake is increased for cooling, to determine a cost of increased air pressure to filter external air, and to determine if the cost of filtering external air exceeds the cost of the corrosion rate increase. An air intake module is configured to increase an intake of unfiltered external air if it is determined that the cost of filtering external air exceeds the cost of the corrosion rate increase.

Abstract: Systems for predicting a filter lifetime. A filter monitoring system includes a filter effectiveness history based on contaminant sensor information associated with a filter received from one or more contaminant sensors. A lifetime module is configured to determine a rate of filter consumption based on the filter effectiveness history and to determine a remaining filter lifetime based on the determined rate of filter consumption.

Abstract: A method for determining a corrosion rate includes receiving an input signal including corrosion data from a sensor. A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a type of noise is determined from the input signal. A corrosion rate computation method is selected based on the SNR and the type of noise. The corrosion rate is determined, using a processor, based on a selected corrosion rate computation method.

Abstract: A method for determining a corrosion rate includes receiving an input signal including corrosion data from a sensor. A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a type of noise is determined from the input signal. A corrosion rate computation method is selected based on the SNR and the type of noise. The corrosion rate is determined, using a processor, based on a selected corrosion rate computation method.

Abstract: Techniques for automatically and efficiently controlling air conditioning units (ACUs) in a data center are provided. In one aspect, a method for controlling ACUs in a data center is provided. The method includes the following steps. It is identified which of the ACUs in the data center comprise base ACUs and which of the ACUs in the data center comprise redundant ACUs. Output from one or more of the redundant ACUs is increased in response to one or more control events. Output from the redundant ACUs is decreased once a predetermined period of time has elapsed without a new control event occurring.

Abstract: Methods and systems for predicting a filter lifetime include building a filter effectiveness history based on contaminant sensor information associated with a filter; determining a rate of filter consumption with a processor based on the filter effectiveness history; and determining a remaining filter lifetime based on the determined rate of filter consumption. Methods and systems for increasing filter economy include measuring contaminants in an internal and an external environment; determining a cost of a corrosion rate increase if unfiltered external air intake is increased for cooling; determining a cost of increased air pressure to filter external air; and if the cost of filtering external air exceeds the cost of the corrosion rate increase, increasing an intake of unfiltered external air.

Abstract: Methods for controlling air filtration in an enclosure include measuring contaminants in an internal and an external environment using respective internal and external contaminant sensors. An increase in a corrosion rate is determined for objects in the enclosure if unfiltered external air intake is increased for cooling based on the measured contaminants in the internal and external environments. An air pressure needed to filter external air using a filter in the filtered air intake is determined. An intake of unfiltered external air is controlled by bypassing the filter in the filtered air intake, based on the corrosion rate increase and the determined air pressure. A predicted filter lifetime is updated based on the intake of unfiltered external air. A warning is provided if the contaminant sensor information associated with the filter exceeds an instantaneous failure threshold or if the determined remaining filter lifetime falls below a filter lifetime threshold.

Abstract: Systems for predicting a filter lifetime. A filter monitoring system includes a filter effectiveness history based on contaminant sensor information associated with a filter received from one or more contaminant sensors. A lifetime module is configured to determine a rate of filter consumption based on the filter effectiveness history and to determine a remaining filter lifetime based on the determined rate of filter consumption.

Abstract: A system for increasing filter economy includes a memory configured to receive measurements of contaminants in an internal and an external environment. A cost effectiveness module is configured to determine a cost of a corrosion rate increase if unfiltered external air intake is increased for cooling, to determine a cost of increased air pressure to filter external air, and to determine if the cost of filtering external air exceeds the cost of the corrosion rate increase. An air intake module is configured to increase an intake of unfiltered external air if it is determined that the cost of filtering external air exceeds the cost of the corrosion rate increase.

Abstract: Techniques for automatically and efficiently controlling air conditioning units (ACUs) in a data center are provided. In one aspect, a method for controlling ACUs in a data center is provided. The method includes the following steps. It is identified which of the ACUs in the data center comprise base ACUs and which of the ACUs in the data center comprise redundant ACUs. Output from one or more of the redundant ACUs is increased in response to one or more control events. Output from the redundant ACUs is decreased once a predetermined period of time has elapsed without a new control event occurring.

Abstract: A method for cooling a data center having a plurality of racks and an adjustable cooling system includes the following steps. A minimum and maximum temperature is set for each of the racks. A temperature of each of the racks is determined based on i) a rate R(t) at which the chilled air at a temperature Tc is introduced to each of the racks and ii) a rate R at which warm air from each of the racks at a temperature T is returned to the cooling system. The cooling system is adjusted to add cooling or to reduce cooling to the data center. The determining and adjusting steps are repeated at a predetermined time interval to achieve and maintain the temperature of each of the racks to be greater than or equal to the minimum temperature and less than or equal to the maximum temperature.

Abstract: A method for cooling a data center having a plurality of racks and an adjustable cooling system includes the following steps. A minimum and maximum temperature is set for each of the racks. A temperature of each of the racks is determined based on i) a rate R(t) at which the chilled air at a temperature Tc is introduced to each of the racks and ii) a rate R at which warm air from each of the racks at a temperature T is returned to the cooling system. The cooling system is adjusted to add cooling or to reduce cooling to the data center. The determining and adjusting steps are repeated at a predetermined time interval to achieve and maintain the temperature of each of the racks to be greater than or equal to the minimum temperature and less than or equal to the maximum temperature.

Abstract: Methods and systems for predicting a filter lifetime include building a filter effectiveness history based on contaminant sensor information associated with a filter; determining a rate of filter consumption with a processor based on the filter effectiveness history; and determining a remaining filter lifetime based on the determined rate of filter consumption. Methods and systems for increasing filter economy include measuring contaminants in an internal and an external environment; determining a cost of a corrosion rate increase if unfiltered external air intake is increased for cooling; determining a cost of increased air pressure to filter external air; and if the cost of filtering external air exceeds the cost of the corrosion rate increase, increasing an intake of unfiltered external air.

Abstract: A method for determining a corrosion rate includes receiving an input signal including corrosion data from a sensor. A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a type of noise is determined from the input signal. A corrosion rate computation method is selected based on the SNR and the type of noise. The corrosion rate is determined, using a processor, based on a selected corrosion rate computation method.

Abstract: Systems, methods and devices directed to transformers are disclosed. One transformer system includes a set of transformer cells and a controller. The set of transformer cells is coupled in series to form a series coupling, where each transformer cell includes at least one first coil and at least one second coil. The second coil is configured to receive electrical energy from the first coil through magnetic interaction. The controller is configured to modify electrical aspects at ends of the series coupling by independently driving the transformer cells such that at least one of the transformer cells is driven differently from at least one other transformer cell in the set.

Abstract: A method for cooling a data center having a plurality of racks and an adjustable cooling system includes the following steps. A minimum and maximum temperature is set for each of the racks. A temperature of each of the racks is determined based on i) a rate R(t) at which the chilled air at a temperature Tc is introduced to each of the racks and ii) a rate R at which warm air from each of the racks at a temperature T is returned to the cooling system. The cooling system is adjusted to add cooling or to reduce cooling to the data center. The determining and adjusting steps are repeated at a predetermined time interval to achieve and maintain the temperature of each of the racks to be greater than or equal to the minimum temperature and less than or equal to the maximum temperature.

Abstract: A method for cooling a data center having a plurality of racks and an adjustable cooling system includes the following steps. A minimum and maximum temperature is set for each of the racks. A temperature of each of the racks is determined based on i) a rate R(t) at which the chilled air at a temperature Tc is introduced to each of the racks and ii) a rate R at which warm air from each of the racks at a temperature T is returned to the cooling system. The cooling system is adjusted to add cooling or to reduce cooling to the data center. The determining and adjusting steps are repeated at a predetermined time interval to achieve and maintain the temperature of each of the racks to be greater than or equal to the minimum temperature and less than or equal to the maximum temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus for chemical mechanical planarization includes a spindle assembly structure and at least one substrate carrier, which make a linear lateral movement relative to each other while abrasive surfaces of a plurality of cylindrical spindles in the spindle assembly structure contact, and rotate against, at least one substrate mounted on the at least one substrate carrier. The direction of the linear lateral movement is within the plane that tangentially contacts the plurality of cylindrical spindles, and can be orthogonal to the axes of rotation of the plurality of cylindrical spindles.

Abstract: An apparatus for chemical mechanical planarization includes a spindle assembly structure and at least one substrate carrier, which make a linear lateral movement relative to each other while abrasive surfaces of a plurality of cylindrical spindles in the spindle assembly structure contact, and rotate against, at least one substrate mounted on the at least one substrate carrier. The direction of the linear lateral movement is within the plane that tangentially contacts the plurality of cylindrical spindles, and can be orthogonal to the axes of rotation of the plurality of cylindrical spindles.