Abstract: The invention relates to the provision of a suitable interior for a near-atmospheric-pressure operating mode and a vacuum-pressure operating mode of an entrance portion of a material analysis system. The entrance portion comprises a housing which is designed for vacuum pressure and for near-atmospheric pressure and which has an interior that can be provided according to an operating mode of the material analysis system, which interior is designed to receive, at its distal end via an entrance opening, charged particles released by a sample.

Abstract: A lens holder for accommodating an optical lens includes a carrier element that forms a receptacle area for the lens, a sealing structure or seal on the carrier element for fixing the lens in the receptacle area by negative pressure. A camera is arranged behind the receptacle area, using the image area of which a light distribution in the receptacle area is acquired. A protective film removal device is provided with the lens holder, wherein an action mechanism is designed to act mechanically, thermally, chemically, pneumatically, or hydraulically on a protective film on a lens. An evaluation device, linked to the camera, is designed to evaluate the light distribution in the receptacle area, which is dependent on the progress of the detachment of the protective film. A method and a use of the lens holder is also provided in terms of detaching a protective film from an optical lens.

Abstract: A method for determining operating properties of a drill-rod borehole pump, having a pump head, which is connected to a kinematics converter via a drill rod, and the kinematics converter is driven by an electric motor, and furthermore a measuring device is provided for measuring the power consumption of the motor during operation of same.

Abstract: A method for visualizing and validating process events in process monitoring systems, wherein a permanently installed sensor system reports states to a process monitoring system, if predefined limit values are exceeded, then the process monitoring system initiates, plans and performs local data acquisition using a mobile sensor, where the result of this data acquisition is analyzed and visualized in the process monitoring system and is integrated in the state information relating to the process or the installation.

Abstract: A method for visualizing and validating process events in process monitoring systems, wherein a permanently installed sensor system reports states to a process monitoring system, if predefined limit values are exceeded, then the process monitoring system initiates, plans and performs local data acquisition using a mobile sensor, where the result of this data acquisition is analyzed and visualized in the process monitoring system and is integrated in the state information relating to the process or the installation.

Abstract: A semiconductor lamp comprises a housing in which a driver is accommodated and at least one contact pin protruding from the housing outwards, wherein the contact pin is tubular and riveted to the housing and the driver is connected to the contact pin via an electrically conductive connection element which is inserted into a cavity of the contact pin. A method serves for producing a semiconductor lamp, wherein at least one tubular contact pin is inserted into a feedthrough of a housing from outside till the contact pin abuts the housing, the contact pin is next riveted with the housing on the inside and a driver is inserted into the housing, whereby an electrically conductive connection element is inserted into the contact pin. The invention is particularly applicable to LED retrofit lamps for replacing bipin halogen lamps, in particular MR16 lamps.

Abstract: A semiconductor lamp (1) comprises a housing (2) in which a driver (3) is accommodated and at least one contact pin (6) protruding from the housing (2) outwards, wherein the contact pin (6) is tubular and riveted to the housing (2) and the driver (3) is connected to the contact pin (6) via an electrically conductive connection element (12) which is inserted into a cavity (13) of the contact pin (6). A method serves for producing a semiconductor lamp (1), wherein at least one tubular contact pin (6) is inserted into a feedthrough (5) of a housing (2) from outside till the contact pin (6) abuts the housing (2), the contact pin (6) is next riveted with the housing (2) on the inside and a driver (3) is inserted into the housing (2), whereby an electrically conductive connection element (12) is inserted into the contact pin (6). The invention is particularly applicable to LED retrofit lamps for replacing bipin halogen lamps, in particular MR16 lamps.

Abstract: An improved evaluation circuit which allows high sensitivity in an economical manner. For this purpose, a shift register having at least one data input, a clock input, a plurality of register stages and at least one data output is provided, wherein the output of the analog-to-digital converter is connected to the data input of the shift register. With a shift register, fluorescent light and scattered light can be temporally distinguished in an economical manner.

Abstract: An improved evaluation circuit which allows high sensitivity in an economical manner. For this purpose, a shift register having at least one data input, a clock input, a plurality of register stages and at least one data output is provided, wherein the output of the analog-to-digital converter is connected to the data input of the shift register. With a shift register, fluorescent light and scattered light can be temporally distinguished in an economical manner.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for generating an at least two-dimensional image of at least part of a sample. The method involves scanning the sample. Acquiring at least one light signal by an optoelectronic detector for different areas of the sample. Converting the light signal into an electrical signal. Distributing the electrical signal onto several parallel evaluation channels whose signal evaluations differ from each other so that their dynamic ranges are different. Generating a result signal in each evaluation channel. Selecting at least one of the result signals as a function of one of the result signals in order to generate the image for the sample range concerned. It is also possible to generate one intermediate result signal for each channel, typically from the respective actual result signal and one or more other sources. Thus the signal selection depending on both the result signals and the intermediate result signals are possible.

Abstract: In microscopes, particularly laser scanning microscopes, for detecting light coming from a sample, it is known to protect detectors from excessively high light outputs by means of shutters in the detection beam path. Further, in order to measure the light output impinging on the detector when the detection beam path is closed, a portion of the light is coupled out of the detection beam path and directed to a monitor diode. Constructions of this kind are complicated and costly. In the microscope according to the invention, a monitor diode is arranged on the shutter in such a way that the monitor diode is situated in the detection beam path when the shutter is closed. This makes it possible in a simple manner to measure the light output in a microscope when the detection beam path is closed even without additionally coupling light out of the detection beam path.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for generating an at least two-dimensional image of at least part of a sample. The method involves scanning the sample. Acquiring at least one light signal by an optoelectronic detector for different areas of the sample. Converting the light signal into an electrical signal. Distributing the electrical signal onto several parallel evaluation channels whose signal evaluations differ from each other so that their dynamic ranges are different. Generating a result signal in each evaluation channel. Selecting at least one of the result signals as a function of one of the result signals in order to generate the image for the sample range concerned. It is also possible to generate one intermediate result signal for each channel, typically from the respective actual result signal and one or more other sources. Thus the signal selection depending on both the result signals and the intermediate result signals are possible.

Abstract: In microscopes, particularly laser scanning microscopes, for detecting light coming from a sample, it is known to protect detectors from excessively high light outputs by means of shutters in the detection beam path. Further, in order to measure the light output impinging on the detector when the detection beam path is closed, a portion of the light is coupled out of the detection beam path and directed to a monitor diode. Constructions of this kind are complicated and costly. In the microscope according to the invention, a monitor diode is arranged on the shutter in such a way that the monitor diode is situated in the detection beam path when the shutter is closed. This makes it possible in a simple manner to measure the light output in a microscope when the detection beam path is closed even without additionally coupling light out of the detection beam path.

Abstract: A method for detecting and analyzing light signals, in which a light signal impinges an optoelectric converter, where it is converted into an electric signal and the electric signal subsequent to the conversion is distributed into several analysis channels (13.1-13.4), within each analysis channel (13.1), (i) a signal analysis is performed, which is different from the signal analysis for the other analysis channels (13.2-13.4) and (ii) an output signal is created. In such a method, one or more output signals are selected for further processing and output using a specified, changeable selection criterion.

Abstract: A method for detecting and evaluating light signals, in which a light signal impinges an optoelectric converter, where it is converted into an electric signal and the electric signal subsequent to the conversion is distributed into several evaluation channels (13.1-13.4), within each evaluation channel (13.1), (i) a signal evaluation is performed, which is different form the signal evaluation for the other evaluation channels (13.2-13.4) and (ii) a result signal is created. In such a method, one or more result signals are selected for further processing and displayed using a predetermined variably adjustable selection criterion.

Abstract: A method according to the invention and a corresponding device (1) designed to cool the exhaust gas (15) of a gas turbine to below its dew point. Water (25) accumulating hereby can be used for the power plant operation, so that the provision of (make-up) water for the power plant operation can be dispensed with or at least reduced, especially in areas ill-supplied with water.

Abstract: A method according to the invention and a corresponding device (1) designed to cool the exhaust gas (15) of a gas turbine to below its dew point. Water (25) accumulating hereby can be used for the power plant operation, so that the provision of (make-up) water for the power plant operation can be dispensed with or at least reduced, especially in areas ill-supplied with water.

Abstract: An arrangement for examination of one or more specimens arranged in specimen vessels or on specimen carriers by transmitted light or incident light by imaging and/or detecting at least a portion of the specimen volume through the specimen vessel or specimen carrier by a CCD camera followed by an evaluating unit, wherein, advantageously, an incident illumination is likewise effected through the specimen vessel or specimen carrier and the illumination is used to excite specimen emission, preferably fluorescence excitation.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the color of glass, particularly pieces of broken glass relies upon simultaneously measuring the glass transmission in different spectral regions. The glass pieces travel along a conveying path between a light source and a light sensor containing a plural number of optical filters and groups of photoelectric detectors. The groups of photoelectric detectors are disposed at an end face of respective substantially cylindrical tubes. Tube axes enclose an angle and intersect in a conveying plane defined by the conveying path. The optical filters have different spectral transmission regions. Optical lens systems are retained intermediate the respective groups of photoelectric detectors and an opposite end face of the respective tubes. Each optical lens system images the conveying plane at the associated group of photoelectric detectors.

Abstract: Cyclohexylcarbonitrile derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## wherein Y is ##STR2## X is --COO--, --O--CO, --CH.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 -- or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, and R is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-12 carbon atoms, with the proviso that Y is not ##STR3## when X is --COO--; and all cyclohexyl rings are trans, are valuable liquid crystalline components.