Abstract: To be able to determine the insertion position of the parts of an artificial knee joint without changing the original knee joint, a method is proposed for determining the position of the tibial part and/or the femoral part of a knee-joint endoprosthesis in relation to the proximal tibial head or to the distal femur in which the position of the femur and of the tibia are monitored by means of a navigation system, in which the distal femur and the proximal tibial head are laterally and medially displaced with a defined force into a spread position by means of a distraction appliance when the knee is straightened and bent, and the relative positions of the femur and the tibia, and consequently the size of the gap between the femur and the tibia, are thereby respectively determined, in which various virtual relative positions of the femur and the tibia are calculated according to geometrical data of the knee-joint endoprosthesis and to different assumed positions of the tibial part on the tibia and/or of the femo

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cross checking points palpated with a localization device. Points corresponding to the palpated points are obtained from a preoperative image of an object such as an X-Ray of a tibia bone. During a surgical procedure, the accuracy of palpated points are determined based on the palpated points and corresponding points obtained from the preoperative image. If a palpated point is inaccurate, an indicator is generated to indicate the inaccuracy of the palpated point.

Abstract: A localization device display method and apparatus for recording positional parameters associated with a tool being navigated with the localization device. The localization device monitors the position of a tool and automatically records positional parameters associated with the tool when the positional parameters conform to an area of interest and the tool is stable.

Abstract: An apparatus for positioning the cutting angle of a bone cutting guide, wherein the bone is preferably a tibia and/or a femur, which includes a first fastener to fasten the positioning apparatus to the bone such that the whole of the apparatus and the fastener of the cutting guide can rotate relative to the fastening axis, and a second fastener to fasten the positioning apparatus at a second fastening location onto the bone different from the first fastening location, so as to fix apparatus at a required position within the rotation relative to the first fastening axis.

Abstract: An apparatus for positioning the cutting angle of a bone cutting guide, wherein said bone is preferably a tibia and/or a femur, which includes first fastening means to fasten the positioning apparatus to the bone such that the whole of said apparatus and said fastening means of said cutting guide can rotate relative to the fastening axis; and second fastening means to fasten said positioning apparatus at a second fastening location onto said bone different from the first fastening location, so as to fix said apparatus at a required position within said rotation relative to said first fastening axis.

Abstract: The data and clock regeneration circuit can be completely integrated in a chip. The circuit has, in series, two independent PLL regulating stages which are optimally adjustable separately. The first PLL regulating stage has a large bandwidth and is optimized for maximum jitter tolerance and the second PLL regulating stage has a small bandwidth and is optimized for minimum jitter transfer. The circuit is suitable for use, for example, in transceivers for ATM, SONET, and SDH applications with signal transmission links in the Gbit range.

Abstract: The data and clock regeneration circuit can be completely integrated in a chip. The circuit has, in series, two independent PLL regulating stages which are optimally adjustable separately. The first PLL regulating stage has a large bandwidth and is optimized for maximum jitter tolerance and the second PLL regulating stage has a small bandwidth and is optimized for minimum jitter transfer. The circuit is suitable for use, for example, in transceivers for ATM, SONET, and SDH applications with signal transmission links in the Gbit range.

Abstract: An inverter stage includes a supply voltage terminal and a reference potential terminal. An npn transistor has a base terminal for receiving an input signal, a collector terminal for supplying an output signal, and an emitter terminal. A controllable current source is connected between the emitter terminal of the transistor and the reference potential terminal. A series circuit of at least two diodes is connected between the supply voltage terminal and the collector terminal of the transistor. A symmetrical inverter stage assembly includes two of the inverter stages being connected in parallel with the emitters of the transistors of each of the inverter stages being connected to one another. A ring oscillator includes n (n.gtoreq.1) of the inverter stages connected in series. The inverter stages include first and last inverter stages, each of the inverter stages has an output and an input, and the output of the last inverter stage is connected to the input of the first inverter stage.

Abstract: A multiplexer configuration includes at least one first and one second group of transistors each including one first, one second and at least one third transistor. Current sources are connected to a first supply potential terminal and emitters of the transistors of each respective one of the groups are connected to one another and to a respective one of the current sources. A first resistor has one terminal connected to a second supply potential terminal and has another terminal and collectors of the first transistors of each respective one of the groups are connected to one another and to the other terminal of the first resistor. An output terminal is connected to the other terminal of the first resistor. Bases of the second transistors of each respective one of the groups are input terminals for a respective data signal. Bases of the third transistors of each respective one of the groups are terminals for a respective selection signal. The selection signals are mutually complementary.