Abstract: In one aspect, data is stored in a solid state memory which includes first and second memory layers. A first assessment is executed to determine whether received data is hot data or cold data. Received data which is assessed as hot data during the first assessment is stored in the first memory layer, and received data which is first assessed as cold data during the first assessment is stored in the second memory layer. Further, a second assessment is executed to determine whether the data stored in the first memory layer is hot data or cold data. Data which is then assessed as cold data during the second assessment is migrated from the first memory layer to the second memory layer.

Abstract: Provided are an electronic device and a fabrication method thereof. The electronic device according to the concept of the present invention includes auxiliary interconnections disposed on a substrate, a light extraction layer that is provided on the substrate and fills between the auxiliary interconnection, and a first electrode provided on the auxiliary interconnections and the light extraction layer, wherein the light extraction layer may have a first surface facing the substrate and a second surface opposite to the first surface, the first surface may have protrusions, and the auxiliary interconnections may include a material having a lower resistance than the first electrode. Since electrical properties of the electronic device are improved, uniform light emission characteristics may be realized.

Abstract: A memory system includes a read-only memory (ROM), a main memory and a processor. The ROM stores a basic input/output system (BIOS). The main memory includes a fail address table which stores at least one fail address designating a memory cell row having at least one defective cell. The processor receives fail information of the at least one fail address from the main memory and loads data associated with a booting operation of the memory system in a safe area of the main memory by avoiding a fail area corresponding to the at least one fail address during power-on operation while a power is applied to the memory system. The data associated with the booting operation is stored in a storage device.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an intermediate transfer belt; a plurality of photosensitive bodies on which a toner image is formed, wherein the photosensitive bodies are disposed to contact the intermediate transfer belt so as to form respective transfer regions which are used to transfer the toner image to the intermediate transfer belt, wherein a first photosensitive body is disposed in the most upstream side in a proceeding direction of the intermediate transfer belt, and a transfer current density of the first transfer region is greater than a transfer current density of the remaining transfer regions.

Abstract: A method of repairing a memory device including a boot memory region, a normal memory region, and a redundant memory region, the redundant memory region including a plurality of repair memory units, includes repairing the boot memory region by performing at least one of excluding first fault memory units of the boot memory region from use as storage and replacing the first fault memory units with boot repair memory units of the repair memory units, each of the first fault memory units having at least one fault memory cell; and after the repairing the boot memory region, repairing the normal memory region by performing at least one of excluding second fault memory units from use as storage and replacing the second fault memory units with normal repair memory units of the repair memory units.

Abstract: In a method of operating a memory system including a memory device and a memory controller, the memory controller reads fail information from a fail info region included in the memory device. The memory controller maps a logical address related to a program to a physical address of a safe region based on the fail information to store the program in the safe region except the fail info region and a fail region included in the memory device. The memory controller loads the program into the safe region of the memory device according to the address mapping. The method of operating the memory system according to example embodiments increases the performance of the memory system.

Abstract: Provided are an electronic device and a fabrication method thereof. The electronic device according to the concept of the present invention includes auxiliary interconnections disposed on a substrate, a light extraction layer that is provided on the substrate and fills between the auxiliary interconnection, and a first electrode provided on the auxiliary interconnections and the light extraction layer, wherein the light extraction layer may have a first surface facing the substrate and a second surface opposite to the first surface, the first surface may have protrusions, and the auxiliary interconnections may include a material having a lower resistance than the first electrode. Since electrical properties of the electronic device are improved, uniform light emission characteristics may be realized.

Abstract: In one aspect, data is stored in a solid state memory which includes first and second memory layers. A first assessment is executed to determine whether received data is hot data or cold data. Received data which is assessed as hot data during the first assessment is stored in the first memory layer, and received data which is first assessed as cold data during the first assessment is stored in the second memory layer. Further, a second assessment is executed to determine whether the data stored in the first memory layer is hot data or cold data. Data which is then assessed as cold data during the second assessment is migrated from the first memory layer to the second memory layer.

Abstract: In one aspect, data is stored in a solid state memory which includes first and second memory layers. A first assessment is executed to determine whether received data is hot data or cold data. Received data which is assessed as hot data during the first assessment is stored in the first memory layer, and received data which is first assessed as cold data during the first assessment is stored in the second memory layer. Further, a second assessment is executed to determine whether the data stored in the first memory layer is hot data or cold data. Data which is then assessed as cold data during the second assessment is migrated from the first memory layer to the second memory layer.

Abstract: In one aspect, data is stored in a solid state memory which includes first and second memory layers. A first assessment is executed to determine whether received data is hot data or cold data. Received data which is assessed as hot data during the first assessment is stored in the first memory layer, and received data which is first assessed as cold data during the first assessment is stored in the second memory layer. Further, a second assessment is executed to determine whether the data stored in the first memory layer is hot data or cold data. Data which is then assessed as cold data during the second assessment is migrated from the first memory layer to the second memory layer.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods or manufacturing a metal wiring buried flexible substrate by using plasma and flexible substrates manufactured by the same. The method includes pre-treating a substrate by irradiating the plasma on the surface of the substrate (Step 1), forming a metal wiring on the pre-treated substrate in Step 1 (Step 2), forming a metal wiring buried polymer layer by coating a curable polymer on the substrate including the metal wiring formed thereon in Step 2 and curing (Step 3), and separating the polymer layer formed in Step 3 from the substrate in Step 1 (Step 4), The metal wiring may be inserted into the flexible substrate, and the resistance of the wiring may be decreased. The metal wiring may be clearly separated from the substrate, and impurities on the substrate surface may be clearly removed. The flexible substrate may be easily separated by applying only physical force.

Abstract: In one aspect, data is stored in a solid state memory which includes first and second memory layers. A first assessment is executed to determine whether received data is hot data or cold data. Received data which is assessed as hot data during the first assessment is stored in the first memory layer, and received data which is first assessed as cold data during the first assessment is stored in the second memory layer. Further, a second assessment is executed to determine whether the data stored in the first memory layer is hot data or cold data. Data which is then assessed as cold data during the second assessment is migrated from the first memory layer to the second memory layer.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of manufacturing a metal wiring buried flexible substrate and a flexible substrate manufactured by the same. The method includes coating a sacrificial layer including a polymer soluble in water or an organic solvent, or a photodegradable polymer on a substrate (Step 1), forming a metal wiring on the sacrificial layer in Step 1 (Step 2), forming a metal wiring buried polymer layer by coating a curable polymer on the sacrificial layer including the metal wiring formed thereon in Step 2 and curing (Step 3) and separating the polymer layer in Step 3 from the substrate in Step 1 by removing through dissolving in the water or the organic solvent or photodegrading only the sacrificial layer present between the substrate in Step 1 and the polymer layer in Step 3 (Step 4).

Abstract: An image forming apparatus to form an image in a single pass includes a plurality of image carriers, a transfer belt to receive developer images from the image carriers, a plurality of primary transfer rollers disposed to be offset from the image carriers along the transfer belt, respectively, a backup roller disposed adjacent to the last one of the primary transfer rollers disposed most-downstream in a rotating direction of the transfer belt, and a secondary transfer roller to transfer the developer images from the transfer belt to a printing medium, the secondary transfer roller being disposed opposite to the backup roller to interpose the transfer belt therebetween. The backup roller has a resistance in the range of 5 to 50 M?.

Abstract: A data storage device for processing a command includes a host interface and a controller. The host interface stores program information sent within the command from a host. The controller decodes the program information that indicates a memory type to be accessed for the command. In addition, the controller determines whether the specified memory type can be accessed according to the command. The controller performs the command by accessing the memory type when the memory type specified by the program information is available for access.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an intermediate transfer belt; a plurality of photosensitive bodies on which a toner image is formed, wherein the photosensitive bodies are disposed to contact the intermediate transfer belt so as to form respective transfer regions which are used to transfer the toner image to the intermediate transfer belt, wherein a first photosensitive body is disposed in the most upstream side in a proceeding direction of the intermediate transfer belt, and a transfer current density of the first transfer region is greater than a transfer current density of the remaining transfer regions.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus to form an image in a single pass includes a plurality of image carriers, a transfer belt to receive developer images from the image carriers, a plurality of primary transfer rollers disposed to be offset from the image carriers along the transfer belt, respectively, a backup roller disposed adjacent to the last one of the primary transfer rollers disposed most-downstream in a rotating direction of the transfer belt, and a secondary transfer roller to transfer the developer images from the transfer belt to a printing medium, the secondary transfer roller being disposed opposite to the backup roller to interpose the transfer belt therebetween. The backup roller has a resistance in the range of 5 to 50 M?.

Abstract: An apparatus for depositing an organic layer and a method for controlling the heating unit thereof are provided. The apparatus includes a crucible positioned in a deposition chamber and containing materials for evaporation. The apparatus also includes a heating unit having first and second heat sources for heating the crucible. A housing isolates the heat emitted from the heating unit and an outer wall anchors the crucible. A nozzle sprays the materials evaporated from the crucible. The first and second heat sources are positioned on first and second sides of the crucible, respectively, and are independently controlled to minimize the time required to stabilize the deposition rate.

Abstract: A deposition source for an inorganic layer and a method for controlling a heating source thereof capable of improving a deposition efficiency, preventing condensation of a nozzle, and/or precisely controlling the temperature by minimizing the time that is needed to reach a stabilization of a deposition rate. The deposition source includes: a heating unit including a heating source for applying heat to a crucible; a housing for isolating the heat emitted from the heating unit; an outer wall for anchoring the crucible; and a nozzle unit for spraying the deposition materials evaporated from the crucible. The heating unit includes a first unit and a second unit. The crucible is positioned between the first unit and the second unit, and the heating unit includes a first power source for supplying electric power to the first unit and a second power source for supplying electric power to the second unit.

Abstract: In one aspect, data is stored in a solid state memory which includes first and second memory layers. A first assessment is executed to determine whether received data is hot data or cold data. Received data which is assessed as hot data during the first assessment is stored in the first memory layer, and received data which is first assessed as cold data during the first assessment is stored in the second memory layer. Further, a second assessment is executed to determine whether the data stored in the first memory layer is hot data or cold data. Data which is then assessed as cold data during the second assessment is migrated from the first memory layer to the second memory layer.