Abstract: An active-matrix electronic display including a switching circuit for each pixel to control the optical state of the display. The switching circuit includes at least one diode and at least one load impedance for each circuit. The front plane electrode of the display may be unpatterned over a significant portion of the display. The display architecture is especially useful for bi-stable display media that require active matrix addressing, for example electrophoretic displays, and for applications using diodes based on organic semiconductors and/or printed diodes.

Abstract: An active-matrix electronic display including a switching circuit for each pixel to control the optical state of the display. The switching circuit includes at least one diode and at least one load impedance for each circuit. The front plane electrode of the display may be unpatterned over a significant portion of the display. The display architecture is especially useful for bi-stable display media that require active matrix addressing, for example electrophoretic displays, and for applications using diodes based on organic semiconductors and/or printed diodes.

Abstract: The invention concerns discrete electrochromic particles comprising conducting, semiconducting or insulating nanoparticles having one or more electrochromic compounds adsorbed on the surface thereof. These particles may be deposited on an electrode in a single process step at a relatively low temperature, thereby allowing the use of heat-sensitive materials such as plastics as flexible substrates for the electrode.

Abstract: The invention concerns discrete electrochromic particles comprising conducting, semiconducting or insulating nanoparticles having one or more electrochromic compounds adsorbed on the surface thereof. These particles may be deposited on an electrode in a single process step at a relatively low temperature, thereby allowing the use of heat-sensitive materials such as plastics as flexible substrates for the electrode.

Abstract: Spiro compounds of the formula (I), in which at least one of the radicals K1, L, M, N1, R1, R2, R3, R4 is one of the following groups are suitable as charge transport materials, in particular for photovoltaic cells, and as electroluminescence materials.

Abstract: Poly(paraphenylenevinylene) derivatives and their use as electroluminescence materials

Abstract: A device for the detection of electromagnetic radiation, wherein the device has (i) a photoactive layer of a semiconductor having a band gap of greater than 2.5 eV, (ii) a dye applied to the semiconductor, and (iii) a charge transport layer comprising a hole conductor material, where the hole conductor material is preferably solid and amorphous.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel layers comprising polyimide and organic functional material such as hole transport material, electron transport material and/or emitter material having a glass transition temperature of higher than 80° C. The layers can be prepared by mixing the functional material with a polyimide precursor material, forming a thin film out of the mixture and converting said mixture into doped polyimide. Said doped polyimide layers can be used for the manufacture of electronic and optoelectronic devices such as e.g. light emitting devices. Due to the content of functional material, they can act as hole transport, electron transport or emitter layer. Moreover, the layers can be processed to have aligning properties for liquid crystals, thus allowing the manufacture of devices emitting polarized light. Furthermore, after conversion to doped polyimide, the layers are resistant to solvent treatment allowing the preparation of multi-layers by successive coating and conversion cycles.

Abstract: Spiro compounds of the formula (I), 1

Abstract: The invention concerns active matrix light-emitting display devices and a method of their fabrication wherein the problem of chemically unstable cathode electrode layers is solved, simultaneously offering a considerably higher aperture ratio and brightness with rather low driving voltages. These advantages are achieved by separate manufacture of a first substrate bearing TFT elements of which the source and drain regions are at first covered by a non-conductive passivation layer followed by a deposition of a chemically stable cathode material layer and deposition of an appropriately selected EL material layer.

Abstract: Spiro compounds of the formula I in which &psgr; is C, Si, Ge or Sn and K1 and K2 independently of one another are conjugated systems, are suitable as materials in nonlinear optics.

Abstract: The invention concerns active matrix light-emitting display devices and a method of their fabrication wherein the problem of chemically unstable cathode electrode layers is solved, simultaneously offering a considerably higher aperture ratio and brightness with rather low driving voltages. These advantages are achieved by separate manufacture of a first substrate bearing TFT elements of which the source and drain regions are at first covered by a non-conductive passivation layer followed by a deposition of a chemically stable cathode material layer and deposition of an appropriately selected EL material layer.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell comprising an electrolyte which comprises a hole conductor compound as redox system.

Abstract: Hetero-spiro compounds of the formula (I), where &PSgr; is an element of the 4th main group of the Periodic Table with the exception of carbon, preferably Sn, Ge or Si, particularly preferably Ge or Si, and K1 and K2 are, independently of one another, conjugated systems, for use in electroluminescence devices. The compounds of the formula (I) have a good solubility in customary organic solvents, improved film-forming properties and a significantly reduced tendency to crystallize.

Abstract: Poly(paraphenylenevinylene) derivatives and their use as electroluminescence materials

Abstract: An electronic device comprising two adjacent regions of materials with different electric properties is characterized in that one of the regions is formed by a columnar structure of a discotic liquid crystal material, said structure having interspaces defined between columns of said discotic liquid crystal material, said interspaces being part of the other region and comprising a second material having electric properties different from that of said discotic liquid crystal. The invention also relates to a method for producing an electronic structure for such devices.

Abstract: Spiro compounds of the formula (I), where X1, X2, X3, X4 are identical or different and are —S—, —O—, —NR5—, —CR5═N— or —CR5═CH—, with the proviso that at least one of the groups X1-4 is different from —CR5═CH—, are suitable as charge transport materials, in particular for photovoltaic cells, and as electroluminescence materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electroluminescence device having at least one light-emitting layer which comprises conjugated, stiff-chain polymers which are soluble in organic solvents, wherein the emitted electroluminescence is polarized and the intensity of the light which is polarized parallel to the longitudinal axis of the substrate is at least three times the intensity polarized perpendicular thereto.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell having a charge transport layer comprising a hole conductor material is disclosed and claimed. The photovoltaic cell comprising a light absorbing layer having a semiconductor material with a bassed gap of at least 3.0 Ev, the surface of the semiconductor having a roughness of >20, optionally a sensitizer layer, a charge transport layer comprising one or more spiro compounds of the formula (I) as a hole conductor material ##STR1## where .PSI. is C, Si, Ge or Sn, andK.sup.1 and K.sup.2, independently of one another, are conjugated systems,and a counter electrode.

Abstract: A conjugated polymer comprising repeating units of the formula (I), ##STR1## where the symbols and indices have the following meanings: .PSI. is an element of the 4th main group of the Periodic Table with the exception of carbon;D, E, F, G are identical or different and are --CR.sup.1 R.sup.2 --, --O--, --S--, --NR.sup.3 -- or a chemical bond;U is --CR.sup.4 .dbd.CR.sup.5 -- or a chemical bond;V is as defined for U or is --CR.sup.1 R.sup.2 --, --O--, --S--, --NR.sup.3 --, --SiR.sup.1 R.sup.2 --, --SO.sub.2 --, --O--, --CO--;A are identical or different and are H, a C.sub.1 --C.sub.20 -hydrocarbon radical which can also contain heteroatoms;T is --O--, --S--, --NR.sup.3 --, --CR.sup.1 R.sup.2 --, --CH.dbd.N--, --CA.dbd.CA--, --CH.dbd.CA--, --CH.dbd.CF-- or --CF.dbd.CF--;K, Q are identical or different hydrocarbon radicals which can contain heteroatoms and have conjugated electron systems;M, L are H or a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 22 carbon atoms, Br, Cl, F, CN, NO.sub.2 or CF.sub.