Abstract: Use of spiro compounds of the formula (I) ##STR1## where K.sup.1 and K.sup.2 are, independently of one another, conjugated systems, in electroluminescence devices.Preferred compounds of the formula (I) are 9,9'-spirobifluorene derivatives of the formula (II) ##STR2## where the benzo groups can be substituted independently of one another. Compounds of the formula (I) have a good solubility in customary organic solvents, improved film-forming properties and a significantly reduced tendency to crystallize. The production of electroluminescence devices is thereby made easier and their service life is increased.

Abstract: Conjugated polymers comprising recurring units of the formula (I), ##STR1## where the symbols and indices have the following meanings: .psi. is an element of the 4th main group of the Periodic Table with the exception of carbon;D, E, F, G are identical or different and are each, for example, --O-- or a chemical bond;U is, for example, a chemical bond;V is, for example, as defined for U or is --O--;A are identical or different and are each, for example, H or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 -hydrocarbon radical;T is, for example, --O-- or --CA.dbd.CA--, where A is as defined above;K, L, M, Q are identical or different and are hydrocarbon radicals which can contain heteroatoms and have conjugated electron systems;m, n are identical or different and are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;are suitable as electroluminescence materials.

Abstract: Poly(4,5,9,10-tetrahydropyrene-2,7-diyl) derivatives of the formula (I) ##STR1## where the symbols R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 have the following meanings: R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 are identically or variously H, a straight-chain or branched alkyl chain containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms, it being possible for one or more nonadjacent CH.sub.2 groups also to be replaced by --O--, --COO--, --OOC-- and/or phenylene, aryl or aryloxy groups, it being possible for the aromatic to be substituted by C.sub.1 -C.sub.22 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.22 -alkoxy, Br, Cl, F, CN, and/or NO.sub.2, Br, Cl, F, CN, NO.sub.2, or carboalkoxy containing 2 to 23 carbon atoms;n is 10 to 150,are suitable as electroluminescence materials.

Abstract: Conjugated polymers containing ansa substructures and their use as electroluminescence materials.Conjugated polymers containing ansa substructures, which contain aromatic groups and in which adjacent aromatic groups are connected to one another in such a way that one ring atom of one aromatic group is directly linked to one ring atom of the other aromatic group and any further linkages of these two aromatic groups are possible only via a bridge containing at least one tetravalent carbon atom and/or heteroatom.The polymers of the invention having ansa substructures are outstandingly suitable as electroluminescence materials, since they have a very high color purity.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which R is a C.sub.1 - to C.sub.22 -alkyl radical,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are hydrogen or methyl or,A.sup.1 is hydrogen and A.sup.2 is the nitro group, andB is the cyano group, the nitro group or an electron-attracting organic group having a double bond which is in conjugation with the thieno?3,2-b!thiophene ring system,have a high dipole moment and a high polarizability and are suitable for purposes of nonlinear optics. If R in the formula I is a C.sub.12 - to C.sub.22 -alkyl radical, monomolecular layers can be applied to a substrate by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. The resulting layer elements are suitable, inter alia, as waveguides.

Abstract: Conjugated polymers comprising recurring units of the formula (I), ##STR1## A, B, C, D are identical or different and are each from one to fifteen identical or different arylene and/or heteroarylene and/or vinylene groups which, like the spirobifluorene skeleton itself, may be unsubstituted or substituted;S are identical or different substituents;m, n are 0 or 1.The polymers of the invention having the formula (I) are suitable as electroluminescence materials and have, in particular, a high color purity of the emission.

Abstract: An optical component comprises an electromagnetic radiation-transparent polymeric medium having a second-order susceptibility of at least 10.sup.-9 electrostatic units where this polymeric medium comprises compounds having polar-aligned noncentrosymmetric molecular dipoles which have as structural element an electron acceptor which is bound to an electron donor via a conjugated .pi.-electron system, which makes possible an oscillation of the molecular dipole between a ground state having a first dipole moment and an electronically excited state having a second dipole moment different from the first, and the nonionic polymeric medium comprises an alternating arrangement of at least one Langmuir-Blodgett film each of at least two different nonionic polymers having nonlinear optical properties. Besides high mechanical and chemical stability the optical component of the invention has excellent nonlinear optical properties, for example frequency-doubling.

Abstract: Aromatic, substituted pyrimidine compounds, methods for the preparation thereof, and use thereofCompounds having a pyrimidine ring, of the formula (I) ##STR1## are suitable for nonlinear-optical applications, e.g. for fabricating components for frequency-doubling of light. In the formula, AX is ##STR2## An.sup.- is an anion, B is the pyrimidine(1,4) radical, D is --NH.sub.2, --NH--NH.sub.2, --OR.sup.6, --O(CH.sub.2).sub.p OH, --OH, --NR.sup.5 R.sup.6, --NHR.sup.6, --N.dbd.CH--R.sup.4, --HN--N.dbd.CH--R.sup.4, --NO.sub.2,the radicals R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.5 are an alkyl radical having from 1 to 22 carbon atoms or a radical CF.sub.3 (CF.sub.2).sub.m (CH.sub.2).sub.n, R.sup.4 is a phenyl radical which may be substituted, R.sup.6 is an alkyl radical having from 1 to 22 carbon atoms or the radical CF.sub.3 (CF.sub.2).sub.m (CH.sub.2).sub.n, where m is an integer of at least 5, n is an integer of at least zero, and (n+m) is at most 22, or the group (CH.sub.2).sub.

Abstract: Substituted thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes, processes for their preparation and their useCompounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which R is a C.sub.1 - to C.sub.22 -alkyl radical,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are hydrogen or methyl orA.sup.1 is hydrogen and A.sup.2 is the nitro group, andB is the cyano group, the nitro group or an electron-attracting organic group having a double bond which is in conjugation with the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene ring system,have a high dipole moment and a high polarizability and are suitable for purposes of nonlinear optics. If R in the formula I is a C.sub.12 - to C.sub.22 -alkyl radical, monomolecular layers can be applied to a substrate by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. The resulting layer elements are suitable, inter alia, as waveguides.

Abstract: In order to continuously produce an ultrathin, ordered layer of amphiphilic molecules on the surface of a polar liquid a directed flow of the polar liquid is produced in a duct which contains the amphiphilic molecules in dissolved or undissolved form on the surface in spread form. In the duct, a duct section having a relatively high flow rate on the surface and comprising a ramp which is arranged at the bottom of the duct and washed over by the polar liquid is provided. This is followed by a duct section having a relatively low flow rate on the surface, in which the flow is dammed up at an obstacle at a liquid level constant with time, so that an ultrathin, ordered layer of amphiphilic molecules is continuously formed in these duct sections at the polar liquid/air interface by compression of the flow. The washed over ramp is movable.

Abstract: A layer element comprises a plurality of monomolecular layers in a regular and alternating arrangement ABABAB . . . on a substrate, wherein A is a layer of a dye whose chromophore has a donor-acceptor structure and B is a layer of cellulose whose hydroxyl groups are at least partly substituted by the radical ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently of the other an alkyl radical of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R.sup.3 is an alkyl radical of from 1 to 18 carbon atoms or phenyl, tolyl or benzyl. It is useful for nonlinear optics.

Abstract: Amphiphilic copolymers containing silanyl groups and composed of derivatives of acrylic and/or methacrylic acid are described, which copolymers are suitable for the production of layer elements by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. Layer elements of this type can be used for optical waveguide systems and for the production of optical filters and for lithographic purposes.

Abstract: Polyamides of the general formula [N(A)-X-N(B)-CO-Y-CO-].sub.n are described, in which Y denotes a divalent group, X a divalent radical whose chain contains at least two carbon atoms, A and B independently of one another denote H or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.26 alkyl group and n denotes an integer greater than 4. The said polyamides contain at least one alkyl group of C.sub.6 to C.sub.26 per repeating unit. The groups X and/or Y contain at leat one CH.sub.2 group in the chain. The polyamides are prepared by reaction of a diamine of the formula NHA-X-NHB with an about equimolar amount of a reactive derivative of a dicarboxylic acid of the formula COOH-Y-COOH. The polyamides obtained can be used in order to prepare highly ordered monomolecular LB films on a support. For this purpose, the polyamide is dissolved in a volatile organic solvent which is immiscible with water and the solution is spread on the water/air interface.

Abstract: Amphiphilic monomers with mixed-chain structures of the formula ##STR1## in which Y denotes --O-- or --NH--X denotes a group of the formula --(CH.sub.2).sub.n -- or --(CH.sub.2 --O--CH.sub.2).sub.n --l denotes an integer from 0 to 10,n denotes an integer from 1 to 10,R.sup.1 denotes hydrogen, methyl, chlorine, cyano, fluorine or bromine,R.sup.2 denotes C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 -alkyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.24 -fluoroalkyl andR.sup.3 denotes C.sub.8 -C.sub.24 -alkyl or C.sub.8 -C.sub.24 -fluoralkyl, with the proviso that the groups R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 contain a different number of carbon atoms. The monomers are polymerized on their own or together with other comonomers. The polymers obtained are suitable for the preparation of ultra-thin layers on a suitable layer support.

Abstract: Amphiphilic monomers having mixed-chain structures of the general formulae (I) or (II) ##STR1## where Y is --O-- or --NH--,X is a group of the formula --(CH.sub.2).sub.n -- or --(CH.sub.2 --O--CH.sub.2).sub.n --,l is an integer from 0 to 10,m is an integer from 10 to 26,n is an integer from 1 to 10,R.sup.1 is hydrogen, methyl, chlorine, cyano, fluorine or bromine, andR.sup.2 is O-alkyl or NH-alkyl,are polymerized alone or together with other comonomers. The polymers obtained are suitable for preparing ultra-thin films on a suitable base material.

Abstract: A film for use in nonlinear optics comprises at least one Langmuir-Blodgett layer, the layer containing or comprising a dye of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 denotes a long-chain alkoxy, acyloxy, alkylamino or acylamino group. In particular when the film contains alternating layers of unsaturated amphiphilic compounds, it produces a stable multilayer having good nonlinear optical properties and is suitable, for example, for electrooptical switches, diode laser frequency amplifiers or optical parametric amplifiers.Besides the dye indicated, the unimolecular layer can additionally contain at least one second amphiphilic compound. In this case, the unimolecular layer comprises amphiphilic compounds.

Abstract: Film comprising at least one unimolecular layer. A film for use in nonlinear optics comprises at least one Langmuir-Blodgett layer, the layer containing or comprising a dye of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 denotes a long-chain alkoxy, acyloxy, alkylamino or acylamino group. In particular when the film contains alternating layers of unsaturated amphiphilic compounds, it produces a stable multilayer having good monlinear optical properties and is suitable, for example, for electrooptical switches, diode laser frequency amplifiers or optical parametric amplifiers.Besides the dye indicated, the unimolecular layer can additionally contain at least one second amphiphilic compound. In this case, the unimolecular layer comprises amphiphilic compounds.