Abstract: An operating method of a storage device includes a controller: receiving read data from a non-volatile memory; measuring a plurality of threshold voltage distributions respectively corresponding to a plurality of memory units of the non-volatile memory, based on the received read data; measuring a distribution variation between the plurality of memory units, based on the measured plurality of threshold voltage distributions; dynamically determining operation parameters for the non-volatile memory, based on the measured distribution variation; and transmitting, to the non-volatile memory, an operate command, an address, and at least one operation parameter corresponding to the address.

Abstract: A spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) device according to the present embodiment comprises: an STT-MRAM memory array which includes a data storage unit for storing data, a defect area address storage unit for storing an address of a defect area, and a spare area for storing data of a failed area; and a bypass determination unit which includes a volatile information storage element for storing the address of the defect area, stored in the defect area address storage unit and provided thereto, and when memory array access occurs, compares an access address with the address of the defect area stored in the volatile information storage element and causes the memory array access to bypass to the spare area.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a beef-specific age determination marker containing the p21 protein, to an antibody specifically bound to bovine p21 protein, to a beef-specific age determination kit containing the antibody which is specifically bound to the bovine p21 protein, and to a method which involves detecting the bovine p21 protein through an antigen-antibody binding reaction using the antibody which is specifically bound to the bovine p21 protein serving as a beef-specific age determination marker in the muscle tissue of beef, so as to determine the age of the beef. According to the present invention, the p21 protein is significantly greatly expressed in the muscle tissue of beef, the age of which is lower than 30 months, and is hardly expressed in the muscle tissue of beef, the age of which is greater than 30 months, and thus can be valuably used as a beef-specific age determination marker.

Abstract: A system and method for differentiated storage services with a Ethernet SSD includes receiving, at an Ethernet SSD (eSSD), an input/output (I/O) service request from a remote host via a multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) network. The I/O service request includes at least one parameter that may be used to match the I/O service request to a label switched path (LSP) based on the parameter(s). A storage traffic stream may then be opened between the eSSD and the remote host over the MPLS network according to the LSP.

Abstract: An external storage device and method of setting a reference frequency for the same are provided. The external storage device includes: a device manager configured to set a reference frequency using information about the reference frequency for a high-speed mode received in a low-speed mode after the external storage device starts initialization, and control the external storage device to operate at the reference frequency in the high-speed mode, wherein the external storage device is a removable device which is attachable to and detachable from a host and is configured to operate according to a reference clock signal with the reference frequency in the high-speed mode.

Abstract: An operating method of a storage device includes a controller: receiving read data from a non-volatile memory; measuring a plurality of threshold voltage distributions respectively corresponding to a plurality of memory units of the non-volatile memory, based on the received read data; measuring a distribution variation between the plurality of memory units, based on the measured plurality of threshold voltage distributions; dynamically determining operation parameters for the non-volatile memory, based on the measured distribution variation; and transmitting, to the non-volatile memory, an operate command, an address, and at least one operation parameter corresponding to the address.

Abstract: A characteristic data pre-processing system includes a data acquisition device that collects characteristic data including first cell distribution data defined according to first default read levels, and second cell distribution data defined according to second default read levels, a data pre-processing apparatus that merges the first cell distribution data and the second cell distribution data according crop ranges to generate training data, wherein the crop ranges are defined according to the first default levels and the second default levels, and a database that stores the training data communicated from the data pre-processing apparatus.

Abstract: A storage device and a refresh method thereof are provided. The storage device includes at least a first processing core configured to operate by receiving a first power from a host, a second processing core separate from the first processing core, at least a first three-dimensional (3D) flash memory, a power module and a retention management module supplied with a second power from the power module when the first power is not supplied from the host. The retention management module is configured to refresh a part of the first 3D flash memory using the second processing core. The retention management module is configured to be woken up at intervals of a first period to refresh the part of the first 3D flash memory.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electronic control apparatus for a vehicle, and the electronic control apparatus includes: an electronic control board which has a top side on which a heating element is mounted; a heat sink which radiate heat generated from the heating element to the outside; at least one screw which couples the electronic control board and the heat sink; and a heat radiating pad which transfer heat of the heating element to the heat sink, in which a stepped portion having a predetermined depth is formed on the contact surface of the heat sink so that the heat radiating pad is inserted thereto, and the depth of the stepped portion is formed to be smaller than a thickness of the heat radiating pad so that the heat radiating pad is pressed and inserted between the electronic control board and the heat sink.

Abstract: A method of low-latency direct data access to non-volatile flash memory in at least one NVMe-oF SSD device connected over Ethernet. The method includes transmitting, from a low-latency direct access (LL-DAX) block storage software layer at a host, a remote direct memory access (RDMA) write request to the flash memory. The RDMA write request includes data, a storage address, a length of a data transfer operation, and an operation code. The method also includes receiving, at the host, an RDMA level acknowledgement indicating that the data has been persisted to the flash memory. The method also includes transmitting, from the LL-DAX block storage software layer, an RDMA read request to the flash memory that includes a storage address, a length of a data transfer, and an operation code. The method also includes receiving, at the host, data packets from the flash memory corresponding to the RDMA read request.

Abstract: An input device configured for a vehicle in which a display area and an input area are realized as a single body so that a degree of freedom of design may be improved, may include a body having a display area and an input area, and a touch assembly disposed under the input area, and one or more input elements and one or more indicators are formed in the input area.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electronic control unit. The present invention provides an electronic control unit including: a housing which has an opening opened at one side of the housing; a printed circuit board which is accommodated in the housing and has electronic control elements mounted on the printed circuit board in order to perform a control operation; and a connector which is connected with the printed circuit board and coupled to the opening of the housing, in which a pressure correcting means, which connects an interior of the housing and an exterior of the housing and corrects pressure in the housing, is provided in the connector.

Abstract: A memory module set includes a main integrated circuit (IC) for transmitting and receiving an electrical signal, a first group of memory modules including at least one memory module having a first pin unit connected to the main IC, and a second group of memory modules including at least one memory module having a second pin unit connected to the main IC. The groups of memory modules and the main IC are arrayed in a first direction on a substrate, and the second group of memory modules is offset with respect to the first group of memory modules in a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction so as to have a position relative to the main IC in the second direction that is different from that of the first group of memory modules.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electronic control apparatus for a vehicle, and the electronic control apparatus of the present disclosure includes: an electronic control element which includes an electronic control board which electrically controls each part of a vehicle, and a heating element which is positioned on a surface of the electronic control board; a cover and a base which accommodate the electronic control element; and a connector which is coupled to the electronic control element, in which an edge part where the cover and the base come into contact with each other is configured in a multi-step bent shape.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electronic control unit. The present invention provides an electronic control unit including: a housing which has an opening opened at one side of the housing; a printed circuit board which is accommodated in the housing and has electronic control elements mounted on the printed circuit board in order to perform a control operation; and a connector which is connected with the printed circuit board and coupled to the opening of the housing, in which a pressure correcting means, which connects an interior of the housing and an exterior of the housing and corrects pressure in the housing, is provided in the connector.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a beef-specific age determination marker containing the p21 protein, to an antibody specifically bound to bovine p21 protein, to a beef-specific age determination kit containing the antibody which is specifically bound to the bovine p21 protein, and to a method which involves detecting the bovine p21 protein through an antigen-antibody binding reaction using the antibody which is specifically bound to the bovine p21 protein serving as a beef-specific age determination marker in the muscle tissue of beef, so as to determine the age of the beef. According to the present invention, the p21 protein is significantly greatly expressed in the muscle tissue of beef, the age of which is lower than 30 months, and is hardly expressed in the muscle tissue of beef, the age of which is greater than 30 months, and thus can be valuably used as a beef-specific age determination marker.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic control apparatus for a vehicle, comprising: a printed circuit board (PCB) configured to electrically control each part of the vehicle and have both sides provided with at least one fixed hole; a connector cover includes a connector part electrically connected and coupled with the PCB and a coupling part; a housing configured of a one-piece slot type and receiving the PCB inserted in a slide form; and at least one coupling member each fastened with at least one fixed hole of the PCB, wherein the PCB is inserted into the housing and the PCB adheres to a bottom side of the housing by the coupling member which is pressed by physically deforming each corresponding surface of the housing corresponding to at least one coupling member.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electronic control apparatus for a vehicle using waterproof type housing sealing and a manufacturing method thereof, in which when a connector cover including a sealing material injection hole formed on a front surface is coupled with a body coupling part, a sealing space is formed along a circumference of an inner surface of each of the coupled coupling parts and a preventive protrusion formed at a body coupling part, and a sealing material is injected through a sealing material injection hole so that a sealing space between the connector cover and a housing body is sealed, thereby improving waterproof performance between the connector cover and the housing body, and simplifying a process by replacing a process of manufacturing and mounting an O-ring in advance with a simple process of injecting the sealing material.

Abstract: A semiconductor storage device and a method of throttling performance of the same are provided. The semiconductor storage device includes a non-volatile memory device; and a controller configured to receive a write command from a host and program write data received from the host to the non-volatile memory device in response to the write command. The controller inserts idle time after receiving the write data from the host and/or after programming the write data to the non-volatile memory device.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic control apparatus for a vehicle, comprising: a printed circuit board (PCB) configured to electrically control each part of the vehicle and have both sides provided with at least one fixed hole; a connector cover includes a connector part electrically connected and coupled with the PCB and a coupling part; a housing configured of a one-piece slot type and receiving the PCB inserted in a slide form; and at least one coupling member each fastened with at least one fixed hole of the PCB, wherein the PCB is inserted into the housing and the PCB adheres to a bottom side of the housing by the coupling member which is pressed by physically deforming each corresponding surface of the housing corresponding to at least one coupling member.