Abstract: A nano-electrode includes a hydrophilic conductive layer and a hydrophobic non-conductive layer. The hydrophilic conductive layer includes a first side surface and a second side surface opposite from the first side surface. The hydrophobic non-conductive layer includes a first side surface and a second side surface opposite from the first side surface. The hydrophobic non-conductive layer is configured to cover the first side surface of the hydrophilic conductive layer. The second side surface of the hydrophilic conductive layer is configured to adhere to a skin surface.

Abstract: Sample loading device and electrostatic levitation apparatus. The electrostatic levitation apparatus includes a sample storage part including a rod-shaped sample standby part having an external diameter of a first diameter and a rod-shaped sample loading part having an external diameter of a second diameter and a sample cover part covering the sample standby part. The sample storage part has a loading bar inserting hole formed in its center. The loading bar inserting hole is formed through the sample standby part and is formed successively through a portion of the sample loading part. The sample standby part has sample storage vertical through-holes. The sample loading part has a single sample transfer vertical through-hole. The sample transfer vertical through-hole is formed on a surface where the sample storage vertical through-hole is viewed, penetrates the sample loading part, and is connected to the loading bar inserting hole.

Abstract: Sample loading device and electrostatic levitation apparatus. The electrostatic levitation apparatus includes a sample storage part including a rod-shaped sample standby part having an external diameter of a first diameter and a rod-shaped sample loading part having an external diameter of a second diameter and a sample cover part covering the sample standby part. The sample storage part has a loading bar inserting hole formed in its center. The loading bar inserting hole is formed through the sample standby part and is formed successively through a portion of the sample loading part. The sample standby part has sample storage vertical through-holes. The sample loading part has a single sample transfer vertical through-hole. The sample transfer vertical through-hole is formed on a surface where the sample storage vertical through-hole is viewed, penetrates the sample loading part, and is connected to the loading bar inserting hole.

Abstract: A levitation apparatus and a levitation method are provided. The levitation apparatus includes a top electrode and a bottom electrode disposed to be spaced apart from each other, a main power source adapted to apply a voltage to the top electrode or the bottom electrode such that a charged object levitates against gravity by using an electrostatic force generated by the voltage, a laser to heat the charged object, and spherical mirrors to re-reflect reflected light reflected from the charged object to the charged object. The reflected light may be generated when output light of the laser passing through a through-hole formed in a surface central region of each of the spherical mirrors is reflected by the charged object.

Abstract: Beamforming in a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) wireless communication system is provided. An apparatus includes an estimator for estimating a channel matrix of at least one terminal compliant with a Time Division Duplex (TDD) scheme; a processor for confirming information indicative of a channel matrix fed back from at least one terminal compliant with a Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) scheme; and a controller for determining precoding vectors or terminals to be connected in a spatial multiple access manner, using the channel matrix of the at least one terminal compliant with the TDD scheme and a principal vector of the at least one terminal compliant with the FDD scheme.

Abstract: An OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) code generating apparatus and method in a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) communication system. A shuffler shuffles an N-bit stream. Here, N is determined by the SF (Spreading code) of an OVSF code and N=log2SF. A counter outputs an N-bit count value, a first operation device AND-operates the shuffled bits with the N-bit count value bit by bit, and a second operation device XOR-operates the AND-operated bits and outputting the XOR-operated bits as an OVSF code.

Abstract: A predictor for differential pulse code modulation that designates a subset averaged median (SAM) predictor, which removes transmission errors and/or minimizes error propagation. The SAM predictor in a preferred embodiment operates according to SAM ⁢   ⁢ ( X ) = ∑ i = 1 P ⁢   ⁢ a i ⁢ F i ⁢ ( X ) where X is an input vector within a predictor window, P is the number of median subfilters, ai is an optionally selected coefficient and Fi( ) is a feature equation of an ith median subfilter.