Abstract: Provided are a negative electrode active material which includes negative electrode active material particles which includes a silicon oxide (SiOx, 0<x?2); and at least one lithium silicate selected from Li2SiO3, Li2Si2O5, and Li4SiO4 in at least a part of the silicon oxide. The negative electrode active material particles have a maximum peak position by a Raman spectrum of more than 460 cm?1 and less than 500 cm?1. Also provided are a method of preparing the same, and a negative electrode and a lithium secondary battery including the negative electrode active material.

Abstract: Provided are a negative electrode active material which includes a negative electrode active material particles which includes a silicon oxide (SiOx, 0<x?2); and at least one lithium silicate selected from Li2SiO3, Li2Si2O5, and Li4SiO4 in at least a part of the silicon oxide. The negative electrode active material has a content of a nitrogen element according to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of 1.45 atom % or less. Also provided are a negative electrode and a lithium secondary battery including the same.

Abstract: There is provided a high dielectric film including amorphous hydrocarbon of which a dielectric constant is 10 or more. A leakage current of the high dielectric film is 1 A/cm2 or less, and an insulation level is 1 MV/cm or more. Rms surface roughness of the high dielectric film is 20 nm or less.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electrochemical sensor including: a substrate: a plurality of working electrodes formed on the substrate; and a single reference electrode formed on the substrate, wherein a separation distance between the single reference electrode and the plurality of working electrodes formed around the reference electrode satisfies Equation 1 below, and a method for manufacturing the same.

Abstract: An operation method of a first communication node constituting a vehicle network includes transitioning an operation state of the first communication node to a wake-up state when a preconfigured event is detected; determining whether a physical layer collision avoidance (PLCA) function is deactivated; in response to determining that the PLCA function is deactivated, generating a message including an indicator indicating that the PLCA function is deactivated; and transmitting the message.

Abstract: A data processing apparatus and a vehicle having the same are provided. A data processing apparatus of a vehicle includes: a first memory having a plurality of storage areas to which each address of a plurality of addresses is allocated; and a processor configured to confirm information of data received from a first device, confirm an address corresponding to the received data based on the confirmed information of data, and store the received data in a storage area of the plurality of storage areas corresponding to the confirmed address.

Abstract: An operation method of a first communication node operating as a current reference grand master (GM) node in a vehicle network includes: transmitting a first synchronization message including a first reference time of the first communication node; receiving a first response message from a second communication node, the first response message including a first synchronization offset indicating a difference between a first local time of the second communication node and the first reference time; receiving a second response message from the second communication node, the second response message including a second synchronization offset indicating a difference between the first local time and a second reference time of a third communication node operating as a GM node; and determining the first communication node or the third communication node as a new reference GM node based on a result of comparison between the first synchronization offset and the second synchronization offset.

Abstract: Disclosed are a current measurement method for a three-phase pulse width modulation inverter using a real-time switch junction temperature estimation technique, and a three-phase pulse width modulation inverter system. The current measurement method may comprise the steps of: calculating a power loss of a switch of an inverter; estimating the junction temperature (T j) of the switch by using a thermal equivalent circuit; estimating a resistance (R ds on) value between both ends of a drain and a source by using a resistance (R ds on) map based on the junction temperature (T j); and using, as a control signal of the inverter, a current value calculated based on the estimated resistance (R ds on) value.

Abstract: Disclosed are a current measurement method for a three-phase pulse width modulation inverter using a real-time switch junction temperature estimation technique, and a three-phase pulse width modulation inverter system. The current measurement method may comprise the steps of: calculating a power loss of a switch of an inverter; estimating the junction temperature (T j) of the switch by using a thermal equivalent circuit; estimating a resistance (R ds on) value between both ends of a drain and a source by using a resistance (R ds on) map based on the junction temperature (T j); and using, as a control signal of the inverter, a current value calculated based on the estimated resistance (R ds on) value.

Abstract: An operation method of a first end node of an Ethernet-based vehicle network is provided. The operation method includes detecting a local event and transitioning an operation state of a physical layer (PHY) of the first end node from a sleep state to a wake-up state. A pseudo PHY identifier (ID) is configured as a PHY ID of the first end node in response to the first end node operating in the wake-up state. A first beacon including the pseudo PHY ID is then transmitted and the first beacon indicates that the first end node operates in the wake-up state.

Abstract: An operation method of a communication node in an Ethernet-based vehicle network, the communication node including a regulator, a physical (PHY) layer unit, and a processor, includes outputting, by the processor, a first signal to initiate a supply of power to the communication node; outputting, by the processor, a second signal to initiate a transition of the communication node from a normal mode to a sleep mode; and transitioning, by the PHY layer unit, the communication node from the normal mode to the sleep mode when the second signal is received at the PHY layer unit from the processor.

Abstract: An operation method of a communication node in an Ethernet-based vehicle network, the communication node including a regulator, a physical (PHY) layer unit, and a processor, includes outputting, by the processor, a first signal to initiate a supply of power to the communication node; outputting, by the processor, a second signal to initiate a transition of the communication node from a normal mode to a sleep mode; and transitioning, by the PHY layer unit, the communication node from the normal mode to the sleep mode when the second signal is received at the PHY layer unit from the processor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hybrid supported metallocene catalyst including at least first metallocene compound, at least one second metallocene compound, at least one cocatalyst compound, and a carrier, a preparation method therefor, and a polyolefin resin polymerized in the presence of the catalyst, wherein the second metallocene compound is a compound of a bridged structure having a ligand of an asymmetric structure, and the polyolefin resin has a density of 0.910 g/cm3 to 0.960 g/cm3, a molecular weight density in a unimodal distribution of 3 to 5, a melt index of 0.05 to 100 at 2.16 kg, and a melt flow rate of 20 to 40.

Abstract: An operation method of a communication node in a vehicle network may include detecting a wake-up event; generating a wake-up signal including an identifier indicating a wake-up reason corresponding to the wake-up event based on a wake-up table, the wake-up table configured for storing the wake-up reason corresponding to the wake-up event, a target communication node configured to be woken up by the wake-up reason, and an operation power configured to be supplied to the target communication node; and transmitting the wake-up signal.

Abstract: An operation method of a first end node constituting an Ethernet-based vehicle network includes receiving a first beacon from a second end node, the beacon including first configuration information of a first main-cycle including a plurality of sub-cycles each of which includes N time slots; transmitting a signal in a time slot corresponding to an identifier of the first end node among the N time slots within a sub-cycle #k of the plurality of sub-cycles; and transmitting a signal in a time slot corresponding to the identifier of the first end node among the N time slots in a sub-cycle #(k+1) consecutive with the sub-cycle #k of the plurality of sub-cycles.

Abstract: A data processing apparatus and a vehicle having the same are provided. A data processing apparatus of a vehicle includes: a first memory having a plurality of storage areas to which each address of a plurality of addresses is allocated; and a processor configured to confirm information of data received from a first device, confirm an address corresponding to the received data based on the confirmed information of data, and store the received data in a storage area of the plurality of storage areas corresponding to the confirmed address.

Abstract: An operation method of a first communication node constituting a vehicle network includes transitioning an operation state of the first communication node to a wake-up state when a preconfigured event is detected; determining whether a physical layer collision avoidance (PLCA) function is deactivated; in response to determining that the PLCA function is deactivated, generating a message including an indicator indicating that the PLCA function is deactivated; and transmitting the message.

Abstract: An error recovery method performed in an end node of an Ethernet-based vehicle network includes: detecting, by a physical (PHY) layer processor of a PHY layer of the end node, a physical error of a message, when the message is received at the PHY layer of the end node; detecting, by a controller processor of a controller included in the end node, a logical error of the message; and classifying, by the controller processor, types of the physical error and the logical error.

Abstract: An operation method of a first communication node among a plurality of communication nodes included in an Ethernet-based vehicle network may include steps of measuring a first link delay for performing time synchronization with a second communication node included in the plurality of communication nodes; calculating a difference between the first link delay and an average value of a plurality of link delays measured before the measurement of the first link delay; comparing the calculated difference with a first threshold value for controlling a link delay measurement cycle for the second communication node; and controlling the link delay measurement cycle for the second communication node based on the comparison result.

Abstract: An operation method of a first end node in a vehicle network supporting a PLCA function is provided. The method includes performing a monitoring operation in a first time interval configured for communication of the first end node and detecting a transmission request signal transmitted from a second end node by the monitoring operation. In response to detecting the transmission request signal, a transmission operation of the first end node in the first time interval is stopped. The first time interval is used for communication of a second end node instead of the first end node.