Abstract: Fiber material and cooking liquor are introduced at the top of the digester and pulp is discharged from the bottom of the digester, via a line in which the pulp is maintained at substantially the same pressure level, to a pressurized wash. More than 50% of the used cooking liquor (black liquor) which is extracted from the system in total is extracted from the wash filtrate of the pressurized wash. At the same time a small portion of the wash filtrate is also to be recirculated to the bottom of the digester as dilution liquid. The pressurized wash is regulated so that a high temperature is maintained in the wash filtrate. The extraction is regulated so that a net co-current flow is established at the bottom of the digester.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for estimating damage to an object, with at least a first parameter which corresponds to an operational state for the object and at least a second parameter which corresponds to a condition during the operational state being determined by at least one operation measurement, and with such measurement being carried out repeatedly. A total load that is defined by the total influence of the first and second parameters on the life of the object is then calculated. The invention also relates to a method and a system for controlling the use of the object.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a spectrometer module comprising an input, for receiving an incoming optical signal, a variable differential group delay (DGD) element, for applying a variable birefringence retardation to said incoming optical signal, and a detector unit for detecting the power of a signal exiting said variable DGD element, having a defined state of polarization. It also relates to a monitor module, a monitoring unit and a monitoring system, comprising such a spectrometer module for use in monitoring an optical network.

Abstract: A method for continuous cooking of lignocellulosic fiber material, comprising the steps of sequentially (a) in a first stage, impregnating the fiber material in an impregnation liquid comprising alkali metal hydroxide, and thereafter withdrawing (14, 514) a spent impregnation liquid; (b) in a second stage, cooking the fiber material in a cooking liquor comprising alkali metal hydroxide; and (c) in a third stage, adding (A), to said fiber material, a liquid which is rich in hemicellulose, said liquid preferably comprising at least a part (14a, 514a) of said withdrawn spent impregnation liquid. In a fourth stage (d), the fiber material is cooked in a cooking liquor comprising the liquid added in the third stage, whereby the fiber material is subjected to a retention time of at least 1 hour in said fourth stage.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for continuous cooking of wood chips at elevated pressure and temperature in a vertical digester (1) for production of chemically dissolved pulp.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for continuous cooking of wood chips at elevated pressure and temperature in a vertical digester (1) for production of chemically dissolved pulp.

Abstract: A suite of optical performance monitoring (OPM) methods, based on optical subcarrier multiplexing, are described by the invention. The strength of this approach lies in the simplicity of double sideband subcarrier signals and the fact that these signals travel the complete optical path with the baseband signal of interest. The subcarrier signals can be recovered using techniques described in the application and are immune to fiber dispersion induced fading.

Abstract: A device for injecting a substance into a body, especially human or animal, comprising a cannula or needle member (4-6) and a dosing device (8) for supplying a determined amount of substance (10) to a target area (1), the dosing device having an attachment (7) for the cannula or needle member. The invention is characterised in that the cannula or needle member (4-6) comprises a tube (4) and a catheter (6) which is displaceable in the tube, the outer diameter of the catheter being smaller than the inner diameter of the tube, thereby forming a gap between the catheter (5) and the tube (4), essentially over the entire length of the tube (4), in that the proximal portion of the catheter is attached to the dosing device (8), and in that the distal portion (9) of the catheter, in connection with said injection, is arranged adjacent to the distal end (12) of the tube (4) and forms a fluid-tight seal therewith.

Abstract: A heat transfer assembly for a rotary regenerative air preheater has heat transfer plates which include means for spacing the plates apart to form flow passages and a plurality of rows of V-shaped ribs extending across the flow passages. Alternate rows of V-shaped ribs on each plate protrude outwardly from opposite surfaces of the plate. Several arrangements for aligning the ribs on one plate with the ribs on the adjacent plate are described as are alternate orientations of the adjacent rows of ribs on each plate. The relationship of the height of the ribs to the plate spacing is defined as is the relationship of the rib spacing to the rib height and the plate spacing to the length of the V-shaped rib sections.

Abstract: Chip bin comprising, an upper container part, a discharge opening, and, arranged between the container part and the discharge opening, a discharge zone, preferably without moving parts, the discharge zone having a curvilinear roller shape in any freely chosen horizontal cross-section and the number of corners in the geometrical curvilinear figure of the cross-section is more than two, preferably three, in that the cross-section of the discharge zone decreases from the container part (5) down towards the discharge opening (4), and in at least one section of the discharge zone having a downwardly continuously decreasing curvilinear roller shaped cross-section.

Abstract: A new and improved way of continuously cooking fiber material, wherein temperatures and alkaline levels are controlled to be maintained within specific levels in different zones of the digesting process in order to optimize chemical consumption and heat-economy and at the same time achieve very good pulp properties. The digesting process includes a top separator that separates the transport liquid from the fiber material and permits the fiber material to be exposed to the cooking liquid.

Abstract: A chip bin that has a feeding device, an upper container part and a discharge opening defined therein. A discharge zone is disposed between the upper container part and the discharge opening. The discharge zone has no moving parts and has a diameter that is decreasing from the upper container part down towards the discharge zone. The discharge zone has a discharge section in the form of a truncated cone that has a downwardly continuously decreasing circular cross section. The discharge section has a center line extending therethrough so that the center line and the longitudinal vertical axis of the chip bin form an acute angle alpha.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a digester for continuous cooking, under elevated pressure and temperature, of fibre material in a vertical digester (1), where fibre material and cooking liquid are fed into the top of the digester, used cooking liquor is drawn off from at least one digester screen arrangement (1D) between the top and the bottom of the digester, and fibre material is fed out from the bottom of the digester, it being possible to maintain the temperature in the cooking zone immediately above the digester screen arrangement (1B) at essentially the same temperature level as the remaining cooking zone or cooking zones of the digester.

Abstract: An enclosed active armor arrangement wherein the panels that form the enclosure have a product of the density and the thickness of the side panels that is greater than the product of the density and the thickness of the armor panels to provide for a reflective action on the detonation waves of the explosive. This reflective action accentuates the destructive effect on the incoming explosive charge jet.

Abstract: An apparatus for the continuous casting along a selected direction of metal products wherein a metal melt is solidified on a cooling surface. The spreading of the melt on said surface forms a boundary line between the metal and the cooling surface transverse to the casting direction of the movable cooling surface. The apparatus is provided with a device for controlling the spreading of the melt to change the normal configuration of the boundary line to a different predetermined line configuration. The configuration of the boundary line includes at least one line portion inclined with respect to the perpendicular of the casting direction.

Abstract: A reactive armor arrangement consisting of two mutually parallel metal sheets with an interior sheet of incompressible formaldehyde compound. Upon impact with a hollow jet explosive charge, the incompressible layer causes the outer metal sheets to push outwardly into the path of the hollow jet explosive charge.

Abstract: A static electrical converter for high voltage DC is provided with at least one valve assembly which has one or more valves electrically connected in series. Each of these valves includes a plurality of valve modules carried by a carrier for dependent mounting. The valve modules are connected to the carrier with the aid of resilient members allowing vertical spring movement between the valve modules and the upper portion formed for suspension of the carrier.

Abstract: A high voltage semiconductor valve has a plurality of electrically series-connected semiconductor elements, for example thyristors or diodes. These are designed for pressure contact connection and for double-sided cooling and are arranged alternately with liquid cooling bodies in a stack. At least some of the resistors included in the voltage divider of the valve are arranged with their resistive portions located in a passage in the cooling body between the contact surfaces for the two adjacent semiconductor elements.

Abstract: Metal annuli formed of chill cast metal for subsequent conversion into finished products are produced between at least one pair of inner and outer rollers forming between them a roll-pass, the outer one of which is driven and the inner one, of less diameter than the open central area of the annulus being formed and eccentrically positioned in said open central area, is free turning. Provision is made for moving the axis of rotation of the annulus being formd as the overall diameter increases in such manner that the relation between place of delivery of the hot strip with respect to the winding apparatus remains constant. Preferably the annulus forming apparatus is combined with a continuous casting apparatus whereby the formation of the strip and the forming of the annulus take place at the same speed.

Abstract: An improvement in the process and apparatus for converting molten metal, especially steel, into a finished product by first converting the molten metal into thin layers which are superimposed on one another while hot and pressure welding the layers into a unitary body that is particularly adapted for hot or cold shaping into a final size and shape, with the advantage of accelerating the cooling of the molten metal and obtaining the improved grain structure and more nearly uniform distribution of alloying ingredients obtainable from rapid solidification of the molten steel to a solid, comprises forming several separate layers from a common heat of molten metal, simultaneously or successively pressure welding utilizing the layers into a unitary body in a single pressure welding station, in contrast to methods of and apparatus for producing a product from several layers requiring a separate casting unit for each separate layer or thickness and also requiring a pair of pressure rolls for each separate added layer