Abstract: The novel C dialdehyde compound which can be efficiently utilized in the synthesis of carotenoid compounds based on the sulfone chemistry, the preparation method of the same, and the expeditious and practical synthetic processes for lycopene and ?-carotene by the use of the above novel compound are disclosed. The syntheses of lycopene and ?-carotene are characterized by the processes of the coupling reaction between two equivalents of geranyl sulfone or cyclic geranyl sulfone and the above C dialdehyde, the functional group transformation reactions of the diol in the resulting C 40 coupling products to X's (either halogens or ethers), and the double elimination reactions of the functional groups of the benzenesulfonyl and X to produce the fully conjugated polyene chain of the carotenoids.

Abstract: A routing method with routing algorithms applicable to a one-level hierarchical network, including a first algorithm in which a shortest one among all paths established in association with one destination is selected, a second algorithm in which the first method is conducted in a distributed fashion to achieve a fast routing, and a third algorithm in which any one of paths established in association with one destination may be selected as a shortest path when the QoS value calculated in association therewith is more optimum than a required reference QoS value, for preventing problems caused by errors at the single path. The method also provides algorithms that are modified versions of the second and third algorithm for the multi-level hierarchical network. Accordingly, the method is advantageous in that users can select an algorithm, most suitable for the system environment, from the above algorithms.