Abstract: A method of heating fuel includes providing a fuel injector having an internal heater and a reciprocable needle valve; providing fuel to the fuel injector; passing the fuel through at least one flow-disturbing element; and heating the fuel.

Abstract: Process for the production of powder finishes on metallic or non-metallic surfaces, characterized in that powder coating compositions are used which contain resins which may be crosslinked by means of functional groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds, wherein the functional groups are present at a concentration of greater than 100 mmol/kg of powder coating composition, the powder coating compositions are applied to the substrate and are melted and cured by NIR irradiation.

Abstract: A method of heating fuel includes providing a fuel injector having an internal heater and a reciprocable needle valve; providing fuel to the fuel injector; passing the fuel through at least one flow-disturbing element; and heating the fuel.

Abstract: Metal surfaces which are pre-treated with high-energy NIR-radiation and then coated with a powder or a liquid coating composition, followed by curing or drying the coating composition, show better adhesion to the coating and improved appearance and performance and the process is more cost effective.

Abstract: A heated tip fuel injector includes a housing having a bore formed therein for receiving fuel under pressure; a valve seat mounted at one end of the housing, the valve seat including an orifice; a needle valve having one end mounted to an armature and another end which contacts the valve seat to close off fuel outflow from the bore and which is lifted from the valve seat to inject fuel; a heater disposed in the housing upstream of the valve seat and extending around the needle valve; and at least one flow disturbing element disposed upstream of the heater. The flow-disturbing element enhances heat transfer from the heater to the fuel.

Abstract: A method of preheating fuel in a fuel injector with an internal heater energized to reduce emissions. The heater being a ceramic hollow cylinder disposed within a valve body just upstream of a valve seat where fuel is injected through an orifice into the engine. Conductors for energizing the heater extend into the valve body and are sealed against the escape of pressurized fuel. In one version, the conductors are extended through an O-ring to be sealed. In another version the conductors include pins extending through the valve body sidewall with glass seals fused to the valve body and the pins. The conductors may comprise flat foil strips clamped between the O-ring and an elastomeric washer. The conductors also may be molded into the magnetic coil bobbin and sealed where the conductors emerge into the fuel cavity.

Abstract: A fuel injector has an internal heater energized during cold starting to reduce emissions, the heater being a ceramic hollow cylinder disposed within a valve body just upstream of a valve seat where fuel is injected through an orifice into the engine. Conductors for energizing the heater extend into the valve body and are sealed against the escape of pressurized fuel. In one version, the conductors extend through an O-ring to be sealed. In another version the conductors include pins extending through the valve body sidewall with glass seals fused to the valve body and the pins. The conductors may comprise flat foil strips clamped between the O-ring and an elastomeric washer. The conductors also may be molded into the magnetic coil bobbin and sealed where the conductors emerge into the fuel cavity.

Abstract: An arrangement for the controlled engagement and disengagement of a clutch in the transmission of a motor vehicle drive system includes an engine and an automatic transmission which can be activated electro-hydraulically. In order to avoid "stationary-state shaking", a preselected value for the clutch slip torque is determined as a function of a prehistory of limited duration in the form of an evaluation of the speed profile of the motor vehicle in the immediate past.

Abstract: A motor vehicle includes a drive system consisting of an engine and an electrohydraulically actuatable automatic transmission connected to the vehicle body by resilient mounts. To reduce stationary vibration of the vehicle and engagement and disengagement shock, the engagement pressure of a clutch in the transmission is controlled so that the clutch begins to slip when the strain between the drive system and the vehicle body reaches a selected value. The strain is determined by detecting the displacement of the drive system with respect to the body or the torque in the drive system or the stress in the resilient mounts.

Abstract: Fine-particle, water-swellable polysaccharide graft copolymers by prepared inverse suspension polymerization of 5 to 40 parts of polysaccharide and 95 to 60 parts of an olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid, in which an aqueous phase which contains the olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid, polymerization initiator and 100 to 75 wt. % of the polysaccharide is metered into a hydrophobic solvent which contains 0 to 25 wt. % of the polysaccharide at 40.degree. to 100.degree. C., exhibit improved absorptivity properties and particle size distribution.

Abstract: The lowering and raising of slats of a venetian blind are controlled by control signals from a photodetector circuit which is mounted adjacent to the venetian blind and which acts responsive to predetermined limit values of the background brightness being exceeded. Following lowering of the venetian blind, control of the closing or screening angle of the slats is provided by a sun-tracking photodetector affixed to a slat and operating in dependence upon the angular alignment of the slat. In order to fix the closing angle of the slats at a selected value, subsequent adjustment of the slats is controlled by the sun-tracking photodetector which can, in turn, be controlled externally by a manually operated keying mechanism. The photodetector used in measurement of background brightness comprises three aligned photodiodes which are directed skyward in three different directions and which together detect the incident light over the full range of 180.degree. in front of the venetian blind.

Abstract: Stabilized diperoxydicarboxylic acids are prepared in which diperoxydicarboxylic acids are mixed with sodium sulfate produced in the process to yield improved diperoxydicarboxylic acid granules having good chemical stability despite a high impurity content, safe handling, low bulk density and high abrasion resistance.

Abstract: A method for operating a vehicle having an automatic, continuously variable speed transmission comprising at least three control phases. During a first control phase, the engine speed is maintained at a substantially constant value while the transmission gear ratio is increased to the maximum transmission gear ratio. During a second control phase, the transmission gear ratio is maintained at the maximum transmission gear ratio while the engine speed is increased to the maximum engine speed possible at the maximum gear ratio and selected throttle valve angle. During a third control phase, the transmission gear ratio is decreased from the maximum transmission gear ratio, so that higher vehicle traveling speeds may be obtained. During the third control phase the transmission gear ratio may be rapidly changed to a ratio corresponding to maximum engine power when the accelerator pedal is placed in a kickdown position.

Abstract: .omega.-Cyano-1,.omega.-diphenyl-azaalkane derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, m and n have the meanings given in the description, and salts thereof with physiologically tolerated acids, are useful in treating cardiovascular disorders.

Abstract: An arrangement for the automatic actuation of an automobile clutch operatively located between an automobile engine and a manually shiftable transmission, of the kind that includes a servo motor responsive to auxiliary power applied thereto for effecting engagement and disengagement of the clutch, and control means for controlling the auxiliary power delivery to the servo motor as a function of the position of the accelerator pedal, or the clutch input (engine output) and output (transmission input) rotational speeds, or both, and wherein the control means controls the auxiliary power delivery to the servo motor so that the rotational speed of the engine attains a prescribed rotational speed which is a function of the position of the accelerator pedal, the auxiliary power delivery being an application pulse to the servo motor of sufficient duration to almost completely overcome the free travel of the clutch.

Abstract: A system for driving a motor vehicle with a infinitely variable belt gear is provided with an engine transversely positioned to the longitudinal direction of the vehicle. First and second drive-cone pulleys are provided for transmitting the rotational force of the engine. A clutch couples the engine with the drive-cone pulleys. A V-belt or chain drivingly connects the first and second output cone pulleys with the first and second drive-cone pulleys. A planetary gear drive with a sun gear, a ring gear, and a planetary gear carrier carrying planet gears is driven by the first and second output cone pulleys. A differential gear for driving the axles of the vehicle is coaxially positioned to the planetary gear with a drive gear coupling the differential gear with the planetary gear.

Abstract: Apparatus for automatic actuation of a clutch of an automobile with a manual shift transmission. A pneumatic servo motor controls clutch engagement. A control mechanism, for example a microprocessor, controls the servo motor as a function of accelerator pedal position and/or input and output clutch speeds during starts from stop (initial transmission input speed .perspectiveto.O). The rotation speed of the engine attains a prescribed value preassigned as a function of the accelerator pedal position. For each pedal position, signals to control valves cause the servo motor to vary clutch engagement based on the difference between prescribed and detected engine speeds. The signals can be pulse signals variable in frequency and/or duration by the control mechanism. During starting from stop, for pedal depressions above idle, the rotational speed of the engine remains below maximum tractive power for that pedal position.

Abstract: An automatic clutch system is provided for use in a motor vehicle and has a control mechanism which responds to the position of the accelerator pedal and which also responds to first and second rotation speed sensing means connected to the engine shaft and the transmission shaft. In a preferred embodiment, the automatic clutch system is provided with a control mechanism which operates in a first mode when the vehicle is starting from a standing position to engage the clutch in a manner which keeps the engine in a specified speed range, which depends on accelerator lever position. The control mechanism operates in a second mode when the vehicle is shifted between gears in order to engage the clutch in a manner which provides a constant time gradient for the shaft speed difference selected in accordance with accelerator pedal position.

Abstract: Hypolipemic non-glycosidic theophylline-sugar compounds having the formula ##STR1## are disclosed, as are a method for making them and methods and compositions for treating hyperlipemia with the compounds.

Abstract: Isoquinoline compounds having .beta.-receptor blocking activity, particularly for the heart, and having the formula ##STR1## and salts thereof with physiologically tolerable acids, wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen or methyl, R.sub.2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, R.sub.3 is hydrogen or methoxy, and R.sub.4 is isopropyl or tertiary butyl. A method for making such compounds. Pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.