Abstract: A filter circuit has a complex block and exciting portions. The complex block has: a first block end resonator; a first resonator that is coupled to the first block end resonator; a second resonator that is coupled to the first resonator; a third resonator that is coupled to the second resonator; a fourth resonator that is coupled to the third resonator; and a second block end resonator that is coupled to the fourth resonator. Couplings between the first block end resonator and the second block end resonator, between the first resonator and the fourth resonator, and between the second resonator and the third resonator are in phase. The complex block and the exciting portions are single-path-coupled.

Abstract: Disclosed are a fluorescent complex comprising a rare earth atom and a ligand having a structure comprising a plurality of coordinating groups bonded to each other in a ring form, and a lighting system and a flashlight device using the same. This fluorescent complex can realize high-intensity fluorescence and a prolonged service life and gives a sharp fluorescence spectrum.

Abstract: A refractive index variable element has a structure including a solid matrix, and one or more types of quantum dots dispersed in the solid matrix and having discrete occupied and unoccupied electron energy levels. The quantum dots perform a function of generating a pair of positive and negative charges upon irradiation with light, a function of trapping a positive charge, and a function of trapping a negative charge. The quantum dots performing the function of trapping a negative charge are selected from the group consisting of a combination of a negatively charged accepter and a positively charged atom, where the outermost electron shell of the positively charged atom is fully filled with electrons so that an additional electron occupies an upper different shell orbital when receives an electron, a metal chelate complex, and metallocene and derivatives thereof.

Abstract: A refractive index variable device has a structure including quantum dots dispersed in a solid matrix, each of the quantum dots comprising a combination of a negatively charged accepter and a positively charged atom, where the outermost electron shell of the positively charged atom is fully filled with electrons so that an additional electron occupies an upper different shell orbital when receives an electron; and an electron injector injecting an electron into the quantum dots through the solid matrix.

Abstract: A refractive index variable element includes a structure including quantum dots having discrete energy levels and a dielectric matrix surrounding the quantum dots, and an electron injector injecting an electron into the quantum dots through the dielectric matrix.

Abstract: Refractive index changing apparatus includes quantum dots each having discrete energy levels including ground level and excited level, the excited level being higher than the ground level even if energy due to ambient temperature is provided on the quantum dots, barrier structure unit formed of dielectric which surrounds the quantum dots, injection unit configured to inject an electron into position of the ground level in each quantum dot via the barrier structure unit, utilizing tunneling effect, or to prevent injection of an electron into the position, injecting the electron or preventing injection of the electron controlled by changing an energy level of the injection unit, source which emits, to the quantum dots, first light beam having first energy for exciting electrons from the ground level to the excited level, and source which emits, to the quantum dots, second light beam having second energy different from the first energy.

Abstract: A high-frequency device comprises a dielectric substrate, a filter element which has a plurality of resonating elements made of a first superconductor film on the dielectric substrate, a dielectric plate which faces the dielectric substrate substantially in parallel with the substrate and covers the plurality of resonating elements, and a spacing adjusting member configured to control the spacing between the dielectric plate and the dielectric substrate. The high-frequency device enables the pass-band frequency of the filter to be adjusted with high accuracy without variations in the skirt characteristic or ripple characteristic.

Abstract: A band pass filter configured by a planar structure circuit, includes resonators of distribution constant circuit type, transmission line paths coupling the resonators and excitation lines arranged at input/output sides. The transmission line path is provided with line path portions coupling the resonators or the resonator and the excitation line. The line path portion have a length which is (1+2m)/4-fold (m: natural number) of a wavelength corresponding to a center frequency of the frequency band, and each coupling part between the resonators and the line portion has a length substantially determined as a ¼ wavelength.

Abstract: There is disclosed a half-wavelength (?/2) resonator which is constituted of a micro strip line or a strip line and in which line pattern portions are disposed symmetrically with respect to a reference line, connected to each other to form an L shape, and formed in an open loop shape so as to have open ends. For one pair of line pattern portions having the open ends, base portions connected to adjacent line pattern portions are disposed in the vicinity of the reference line, and the open ends are extended in opposite directions so that the ends are disposed apart from the reference line.

Abstract: A superconductor filter comprises a plurality of resonance elements arranged between input-output lines formed on a substrate. Metal conductor sections serving to inhibit the spatial coupling between the adjacent resonance elements are arranged between prescribed resonance elements, and a prescribed resonance element is coupled with another resonance element by a coupling transmission line. It follows that each resonance element is coupled with another resonance element by the direct coupling via the coupling transmission line or by the spatial coupling via the space.

Abstract: A band pass filter which is configured by a microstrip line, or a strip line is provided. The band pass filter has a first half wavelength resonator which resonates at a center frequency of a pass band, a second half wavelength resonator which resonates at the center frequency of the pass band, and a transmission line through which the first half wavelength resonator is wire-coupled to the second half wavelength resonator. A strong coupling can be stably realized without causing deviation of the resonance frequencies of resonators.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a light emitting element and a luminescent medium.

Abstract: A high-frequency device comprises a dielectric substrate, a filter element which has a plurality of resonating elements made of a first superconductor film on the dielectric substrate, a dielectric plate which faces the dielectric substrate substantially in parallel with the substrate and covers the plurality of resonating elements, and a spacing adjusting member configured to control the spacing between the dielectric plate and the dielectric substrate. The high-frequency device enables the pass-band frequency of the filter to be adjusted with high accuracy without variations in the skirt characteristic or ripple characteristic.

Abstract: A band pass filter configured by a planar structure circuit, includes resonators of distribution constant circuit type, transmission line paths coupling the resonators and excitation lines arranged at input/output sides. The transmission line path is provided with line path portions coupling the resonators or the resonator and the excitation line. The line path portion have a length which is (1+2m)/4-fold (m: natural number) of a wavelength corresponding to a center frequency of the frequency band, and each coupling part between the resonators and the line portion has a length substantially determined as a ¼ wavelength.

Abstract: A filter circuit has a complex block and exciting portions. The complex block has: a first block end resonator; a first resonator that is coupled to the first block end resonator; a second resonator that is coupled to the first resonator; a third resonator that is coupled to the second resonator; a fourth resonator that is coupled to the third resonator; and a second block end resonator that is coupled to the fourth resonator. Couplings between the first block end resonator and the second block end resonator, between the first resonator and the fourth resonator, and between the second resonator and the third resonator are in phase. The complex block and the exciting portions are single-path-coupled.

Abstract: A high-frequency device comprises a dielectric substrate, a filter element which has a plurality of resonating elements made of a first superconductor film on the dielectric substrate, a dielectric plate which faces the dielectric substrate substantially in parallel with the substrate and covers the plurality of resonating elements, and a spacing adjusting member configured to control the spacing between the dielectric plate and the dielectric substrate. The high-frequency device enables the pass-band frequency of the filter to be adjusted with high accuracy without variations in the skirt characteristic or ripple characteristic.

Abstract: A filter circuit includes a first resonator and a second resonator each having a different resonance frequency. The first resonator is included in a first block, and the second resonator is included in a second block. The first block further includes a first delay unit connected to the first resonator. An input terminal divides an input signal to the first block and the second block. An output terminal combines signals passing through the first block and the second block and outputs the combined signal. The first delay unit converts a phase difference between the signals passing through the first block and the second block to reverse-phase or nearly reverse-phase.

Abstract: There is disclosed a half-wavelength (&lgr;/2) resonator which is constituted of a micro strip line or a strip line and in which line pattern portions are disposed symmetrically with respect to a reference line, connected to each other to form an L shape, and formed in an open loop shape so as to have open ends. For one pair of line pattern portions having the open ends, base portions connected to adjacent line pattern portions are disposed in the vicinity of the reference line, and the open ends are extended in opposite directions so that the ends are disposed apart from the reference line.

Abstract: A high frequency filter having steep skirt characteristics using a sapphire R-plane substrate. The filter comprises a substrate having first and second faces. The first face is a sapphire R-plane. A grounded conductive layer is formed on the second face of the substrate. A pair of input/output terminals is formed on the first face. In embodiments, hairpin-shaped resonating portions are formed between the pair of input/output terminals. Each of the resonating portions has at least one long side. Each long side of the resonating portions makes an angle of &psgr; with <11-20> direction of a sapphire substrate. The angle &psgr; satisfies relations 0°≦&psgr;≦30°. In embodiments, the resonating portions are asymetric, J-shaped, or rectangular with an opening.

Abstract: A superconductor filter includes a superconductor receiver filter of a planar transmission line structure including a signal input line, a resonator element and a signal output line and configured to select a signal received from an antenna, a superconductor transmitter filter of a planar transmission line structure including a signal input line, a resonator element and a signal output line and configured to select a signal transmitted to the antenna, the transmitter filter being arranged non-parallel to the receiver filter, and a heat-insulating container housing the superconductor receiver filter and the superconductor transmitter filter.