Abstract: A device for fixing a reference element with respect to a field of surgery includes a first fixing portion operable to provide a mechanical resistance against pulling and/or pushing forces, a second fixing portion provided with a surface structure operable to secure the device against an angular force, and a coupling structure. The coupling structure is operative to mechanically couple the second fixing portion to the first fixing portion, wherein said second fixing portion can be pivoted with respect to the first fixing portion.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved method of manufacturing substantially spherical/ball-shaped tartaric acid starter pellets which are suitable for preparing active substance-containing medicament formulations, as well as the pellets as such that may be obtained in this way, and their use as starting material for the preparation of active substance-containing medicament formulations.

Abstract: A spark plug socket has an elastic base member and a contact element secured in the base member. The base member has a spark plug receptacle for a spark plug and the contact element has a contact receptacle for a terminal of the spark plug. The spark plug socket is removable in a removing direction from the spark plug. In an unloaded state of the spark plug socket arranged on the spark plug, a section of the contact receptacle engages behind the terminal of the spark plug in the removing direction of the spark plug socket. A longitudinal center axis of the contact receptacle is slanted relative to a longitudinal center axis of the spark plug receptacle. The contact element is adjustable against an elasticity of the base member such that an angle between the longitudinal center axis of the contact receptacle and the longitudinal center axis of the spark plug receptacle is reduced.

Abstract: A fixing device for securely fixing surgical equipment to a surgical field of a human or animal body includes a first lever element including a first gripping portion and a first handling portion, and a second lever element including a second gripping portion and a second handling portion. The and second lever elements can be connected such that they can be pivoted and detached with respect to each other.

Abstract: An exhaust gas muffler for an internal combustion engine, especially the engine of a manually-guided implement such as a power saw, a cut-off machine, or the like. The muffler has a housing having an inlet for exhaust gases and an outlet out of the housing. The housing has an outer wall over which the exhaust gases from the outlet flow. To achieve an adequate cooling of the exhaust gas muffler and the discharging exhaust gases, the exhaust gases out of the outlet draw in atmospheric air between the exhaust gases and the outer wall of the housing.

Abstract: A two-stroke engine has a fuel supply device, an intake passage formed partially in the fuel supply device, and an air filter with clean air chamber. The intake passage upstream of the fuel supply device is connected to the clean air chamber. A partition divides the intake passage downstream of the fuel supply device into a supply passage for fuel-free air and a mixture passage for fuel/air mixture. A throttle valve is supported in the intake passage and aligned in at least one operating state with the partition. A pressure differential between the mixture passage and the supply passage is determined, and in a method for operating such a two-stroke engine, fuel is supplied into the intake passage by a fuel supply valve in the operating state substantially only when the pressure in the mixture passage is not greater than the pressure in the supply passage.

Abstract: In a method for detecting an operating parameter of a power tool having an internal combustion engine with a cylinder, a piston delimiting a combustion chamber in the cylinder and driving a crankshaft supported rotatably in a crankcase, an intake supplying combustion air to the combustion chamber, an exhaust removing combustion gases from the combustion chamber, and a signal generator driven in rotation by the crankshaft emitting sequential alternating voltage signals, a period duration of the voltage signal is selected to correspond to the n-th portion of a crankshaft revolution with n greater than 2. The n-th portion of the crankshaft revolution provides a crankshaft angle interval. For each crankshaft angle interval at least one information is detected that represents a course plotted against the crankshaft angle. The course is scanned with regard to characteristic features that are correlated with an operating parameter of the power tool.

Abstract: The invention relates to a portable hand-guided work apparatus having an internal combustion engine (10) for driving a work tool (5). A combustion chamber (12) is formed in a cylinder (11) of the engine (10) and is delimited by a piston (13) which drives a crankshaft (14) in rotation. A spark plug (16) is held in the cylinder (11) and is driven by an ignition module (20) to ignite a compressed air/fuel mixture in the combustion chamber (12) to drive the piston (13). A short circuit line (21) is provided on the ignition module (20) for switching off the ignition. The short circuit line (21) is configured as a bus line (30) in order to make available, in a simple manner, a plurality of further operating parameters to the ignition module. An external control apparatus (23, 24) and/or sensors (25, 26) are connected to the bus line (30).

Abstract: A spark plug socket has an elastic base member and a contact element secured in the base member. The base member has a spark plug receptacle for a spark plug and the contact element has a contact receptacle for a terminal of the spark plug. The spark plug socket is removable in a removing direction from the spark plug. In an unloaded state of the spark plug socket arranged on the spark plug, a section of the contact receptacle engages behind the terminal of the spark plug in the removing direction of the spark plug socket. A longitudinal center axis of the contact receptacle is slanted relative to a longitudinal center axis of the spark plug receptacle. The contact element is adjustable against an elasticity of the base member such that an angle between the longitudinal center axis of the contact receptacle and the longitudinal center axis of the spark plug receptacle is reduced.

Abstract: A two-stroke engine has a cylinder with a combustion chamber delimited by a reciprocating piston, wherein the piston drives in rotation a crankshaft, and wherein a spark plug projects into the combustion chamber and ignites a fuel/air mixture. The two-stroke engine further has devices for supplying fuel and combustion air to the combustion chamber and a control unit that determines the ignition timing based on an ignition map. The ignition map indicates the ignition timing as a function of the engine speed for at least one first and one second operating states and for at least one first and one second engine speed ranges. The engine is controlled in that for an engine cycle the ignition timing is set in the second operating state at least within the first engine speed range based on the engine speed and on the number of engine cycles since the last combustion.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has a combustion chamber having a spark plug arranged thereat. A crankcase supports a crankshaft. An intake for introducing fuel and combustion air into the combustion chamber is provided. An exhaust for exhausting combustion gases from the combustion chamber is provided. A piston is connected to the crankshaft and drives the crankshaft in rotation. A wheel member is connected to the crankshaft and rotates with the crankshaft. An alternator driven by the crankshaft supplies electric power to a consumer. The alternator is arranged within a radial boundary of the wheel member and external to the crankcase. The alternator has a stator and a rotor, wherein the crankshaft penetrates the stator and wherein the rotor is fixedly connected to the wheel member.

Abstract: A manually guided suction apparatus for suctioning up material via a suction air stream, comprising a suction fan having a fan housing surrounding a fan wheel and provided with an intake opening. A centrifugal separator is disposed upstream of the intake opening and produces a curved path of the suction air stream. The centrifugal separator has a curved peripheral wall in which is disposed a removal opening for material that is to be sucked up. The intake opening is disposed approximately in a central portion of the centrifugal separator.

Abstract: A method for operating an internal combustion engine having a fuel system which feeds fuel at a given pressure to a metering valve provides that a controller defines the opening time and the closing time of the metering valve and correspondingly actuates the metering valve so that the metering valve opens and closes at the defined times. In order to permit precise metering of fuel even in high-speed internal combustion engines there is provision for the controller to define at least one of the times for the opening or closing of the metering valve while taking into account the counterpressure actually prevailing at the outlet opening of the metering valve.

Abstract: A manually guided suction apparatus for suctioning up material via a suction air stream, comprising a suction fan having a fan housing surrounding a fan wheel and provided with an intake opening. A removal opening for sucked up material is disposed upstream of the intake opening in an intake channel that guides the suction air stream toward the suction fan. The removal opening empties into a collection bag, and the suction air stream in the intake channel is guided past the removal opening. An endless tube folded up to form a supply portion is stored in a storage chamber. A container portion of the endless tube forms the collection bag. A weight support for the collection bag prevents the supply portion from being pulled out of the storage chamber.

Abstract: A device for supplying water to a cutting wheel of a hand-held cut-off machine has a water-conducting line and a valve arrangement arranged in the line. The valve arrangement has a shut-off valve for controlling the water flow flowing through the line. The shut-off valve is actuated as a function of an operating signal of the cut-off machine such that in operation of the cut-off machine the water flow through the line is released by the shut-off valve. The shut-off valve interrupts the water flow through the line when the operating signal is absent.

Abstract: An exhaust gas muffler for an internal combustion engine, especially the engine of a manually-guided implement such as a power saw, a cut-off machine, or the like. The muffler has a housing having an inlet for exhaust gases and an outlet out of the housing. The housing has an outer wall over which the exhaust gases from the outlet flow. To achieve an adequate cooling of the exhaust gas muffler and the discharging exhaust gases, the exhaust gases out of the outlet draw in atmospheric air between the exhaust gases and the outer wall of the housing.

Abstract: The absolute crankshaft angle of an internal combustion engine of a hand-held power tool is to be determined. The engine has a cylinder with a combustion chamber delimited by a piston that drives a crankshaft in a crankcase. The crankcase is connected by a transfer passage to the combustion chamber and the transfer port of the transfer passage is piston-controlled. Ignition takes place at an adjusted crankshaft angle. The energy supply unit of the engine is driven by the crankshaft and provides electric energy for ignition. The crankshaft angle is determined in that a signal generator is provided as an energy supply unit and generates an alternating voltage signal caused by a crankshaft revolution. An operating pressure signal of the engine is detected by a pressure sensor. The output signals of the pressure sensor and of the signal generator are linked with one another for determining the absolute crankshaft angle.

Abstract: A manually guided apparatus for collecting objects, especially fruits and nuts, including a pick-up drum rotatably mounted in the drum chamber of a housing. The drum is disposed approximately transverse to the direction of operation, and is rotationally driven by a drive unit. The housing has a wall section extending over the width of the drum approximately at the level of the outer diameter thereof. A ground support is disposed in the region of ends of the drum. A collection channel provides communication for picked-up objects between the drum chamber and a collection receptacle for receiving the objects. The wall section of the housing and the drum cooperate with one another such that objects are accelerated along the wall section toward the collection channel and are ejected out of the drum chamber along a trajectory into the collection receptacle. A handle is operatively connected to the housing for moving the housing in the direction of operation.

Abstract: A two-stroke engine has a fuel supply device, an intake passage formed partially in the fuel supply device, and an air filter with clean air chamber. The intake passage upstream of the fuel supply device is connected to the clean air chamber. A partition divides the intake passage downstream of the fuel supply device into a supply passage for fuel-free air and a mixture passage for fuel/air mixture. A throttle valve is supported in the intake passage and aligned in at least one operating state with the partition. A pressure differential between the mixture passage and the supply passage is determined, and in a method for operating such a two-stroke engine, fuel is supplied into the intake passage by a fuel supply valve in the operating state substantially only when the pressure in the mixture passage is not greater than the pressure in the supply passage.

Abstract: An ignition device for a motor unit with an internal combustion engine provided with a piston, a combustion chamber with a spark plug, a crankshaft driven by the piston, an intake port supplying combustion air to the combustion chamber, an exhaust for removing combustion gases from the combustion chamber, a signal generator driven by the crankshaft and emitting for one crankshaft revolution an alternating voltage signal, has an ignition unit that triggers a spark at the spark plug at a preselectable timing. The ignition unit is a module separate from the motor unit. An alternating voltage signal generated by the signal generator is supplied to the ignition unit as an information signal sufficient for operating the internal combustion engine. The alternating voltage signal is supplied to a first unit for energy processing and to a second unit for processing information for control of the internal combustion engine.