Abstract: Described is a method of inhibiting central apnea, central hypopnea or obstructive sleep apnea in a mammal. The method includes the step of administering to a mammal a central apnea inhibitory-effective, central hypopnea inhibitory-effective or obstructive sleep apnea inhibitory-effective amount of a composition comprising at least one retinoid or retinoid or retinoic acid receptor agonist.

Abstract: Described is a method of inhibiting central apnea, central hypopnea or obstructive sleep apnea in a mammal. The method includes the step of administering to a mammal a central apnea inhibitory-effective, central hypopnea inhibitory-effective or obstructive sleep apnea inhibitory-effective amount of a composition comprising at least one retinoid or retinoid or retinoic acid receptor agonist.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition including an effective amount of at least one of an antimicrobial peptide and a substance having an antimicrobial peptide effect and an effective amount of a neurotrophin. The composition can also include an effective amount of at least one of a growth factor and a neuropeptide. The present invention also relates a method of treating an injury to a nervous system of an animal that includes the steps of identifying the injury to the nervous system and applying to the injury an effective amount of at least one of antimicrobial peptide and a substance having an antimicrobial peptide effect. The method can also include applying an effective amount of one or more trophic factors selected from the group consisting of a growth factor, a neurotrophin, and a neuropeptide to the injury.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of affecting expression of a target gene, suitably brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or related genes in a nerve cell in the central nervous system of a mammal. The method includes formulating and delivering an siRNA composition to a target site on the mammal to affect expression of the target gene in the nerve cell, wherein the target site is cerebrospinal space or muscle tissue innervated by a nerve cell, to down-regulate the target gene. Also disclosed are kits for use in practicing the novel methods of in vivo siRNA.delivery into target cells and gene regulation.

Abstract: A pigment composition comprising (A) an azo pigment, (B) an azo reaction product of (i) a diazonium salt of a primary aromatic amine having a carboxyl group or sulphonic acid group meta or para to an amino group with (ii) a coupling component comprising one or more unsubstituted or substituted naphthols, at least 50 mole % of said coupling component being a naphtholsulphonic acid, or a salt of said reaction product, and, optionally, (C) an organic resin containingan acidic group or a salt thereof.