Abstract: A magneto-optical recording medium in which the inside of grooves formed along recording tracks is a signal recording area in groove recording, and the domain wall displacement detection method is employed; and a curvature radius R1, in the cross section perpendicular to the recording tracks, of a shoulder portion of a land separating the grooves that is adjacent to the groove is 30 nm or less and a curvature radius R2, in the cross section perpendicular to the recording tracks, of the inside edge portion of the groove for the recording that is adjacent to the land is 20 nm or more, so that a wide recording power margin can be obtained, the jitter can be improved, and the error rate can also be improved

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes a fuel cell, a fuel tank, a first passage which supplies liquid fuel from the fuel tank to the fuel cell, a cartridge holder in which a plurality of types of cartridges are replaceably loaded, a second passage which supplies the content discharged from the cartridge to the fuel cell, a cartridge detector which detects the type of cartridge loaded in the cartridge holder, and a passage control means which controls the passages in accordance with the type of cartridge detected.

Abstract: Corrosion of a metal portion such as a pipe connected to a fuel cell stack is suppressed. The fuel cell stack has a plurality of single cells which generate electrical power using an aqueous methanol solution and air and are stacked in a vertical direction. An inlet of a fuel supply manifold for distributing the aqueous methanol solution to each cell and an outlet of a fuel discharge manifold for collecting the fuel discharged from the single cells are provided in a common conductive end plate. Hence, when the discharge fuel discharged from the fuel cell stack is circulated and resupplied to the stack, the potential of the discharged fuel becomes equal to that of the liquid fuel to be supplied to the stack, whereby the corrosion of the metal portion such as a pipe, a tank, a pump, or a heat exchanger is suppressed.

Abstract: A magneto-optical recording medium in which the inside of grooves formed along recording tracks is a signal recording area in groove recording, and the domain wall displacement detection method is employed; and a curvature radius R1, in the cross section perpendicular to the recording tracks, of a shoulder portion of a land separating the grooves that is adjacent to the groove is 30 nm or less and a curvature radius R2, in the cross section perpendicular to the recording tracks, of the inside edge portion of the groove for the recording that is adjacent to the land is 20 nm or more, so that a wide recording power margin can be obtained, the jitter can be improved, and the error rate can also be improved.

Abstract: A fuel cell system is provided which is capable of changing a fuel cartridge while the power generation is active in a fuel cell. For this purpose, the fuel cell system having a fuel cell is provided in a detachable manner, and the system includes: a fuel cartridge which stores fuel supplied to the fuel cell; a fuel sub-tank which stores the fuel delivered from the fuel cartridge; and a buffer tank which stores the fuel which is delivered from the fuel sub-tank and diluted to a predetermined concentration. There is provided a tank communicating passage through which gas freely enters and exits between the top of fuel sub-tank and the buffer tank.

Abstract: An optical recording medium is provided. The optical recording medium includes at least a reflective film and a cover layer on a substrate; main data by a combination of pit and land are recorded on the substrate; a write-once recording is made to be possible on the reflective film by irradiating a laser light; sub-data are recorded by a mark that is formed by the irradiation of laser light for the write-once recording with respect to the reflective film; a reproducing signal level at portion where said mark is formed increases for the land of specified length; the mark by which the reproduced level decreases at the portion where the mark is formed is formed for an optical disc recording medium manufactured by physical copy; the reflective film is composed of an Ag-alloy film of Ag100?xXx(0<x<100); and the X is selected from Ti, W, Ta, V, Mo, Nb and Zr.

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes: a fuel cell main body having a fuel cell; a fuel storage portion coupled attachably and detachably to the fuel cell main body for storing fuel to be supplied to the fuel cell; and a coupling portion which couples between the fuel cell main body and the fuel storage portion. In the system, a fuel having a concentration lower than that of a fuel stored in the fuel storage portion is allowed to flow through the coupling portion.

Abstract: A fuel cell power generation system which adjusts the amount of fuel, in a fuel cell power generation apparatus, into a predefined range is provided. A fuel cell system includes a fuel cell power generation apparatus, a control means which has the fuel cell power generation apparatus output a preset electric power value, and a power supply unit which charges and supplies an electric power to an external. The control means changes the electric power value outputted from the fuel cell power generation apparatus, based on the status of liquid fuel detected by a fuel state detecting means.

Abstract: A laser beam from an LD 11 is irradiated onto a magnetooptic disk 33 by a predetermined power for a heat treatment. After the heat treatment, the laser beam of a power smaller than the power upon heat treatment is irradiated to the heat-treated area. Reflection light of the laser beam of the small power enters photodetectors 24 and 26 and reflection light amounts of a P wave and an S wave are detected, respectively. A differential detecting circuit 27 detects a level of a magnetooptic signal corresponding to the heat-treated area on the basis of the reflection light amounts of the P wave and the S wave. A controller 28 determines whether or not the magnetooptic signal level detected by the differential detecting circuit 28 lies within a permissible range. If it is out of the range, the power of the laser beam to execute the heat treatment is adjusted and the process of a magnetooptic disk is stopped or a message showing such a fact is displayed, or the like.

Abstract: An evaluation apparatus for evaluating the recording quality of secondary data recorded on an optical disk recording medium on which primary data is recorded as combinations of pits and lands includes the following elements: a reading unit operable to read a signal on the basis of reflected light information of a laser beam of playback power irradiated onto the optical disk recording medium; a binarizing unit operable to slice the signal read by the reading unit at a predetermined level and output the result as a binary signal; and a jitter calculating unit operable to calculate a jitter of edge shift amounts on the basis of a standard deviation and an average of the edge shift amounts and information on a predetermined minimum shift amount determined as the minimum amount of shift that can be detected by a binary decision as an edge shift.

Abstract: A liquid tank includes: a first container; a second container provided in the first container to contain liquid and gas; a joint which is provided in the first container and discharges the liquid outside the first container; an outlet pipe which connects the joint to the second container; and a remaining indicator window provided to make the interior of the outlet pipe viewable.

Abstract: A sub data recorder to record sub data on an optical-disk recording medium is provided. In one example, a sub data recorder records sub data by forming marks on a reflective layer of an optical-disk recording medium to which main data is recorded as a combination of pits and lands by irradiating laser light having a writing power to the reflective layer, the sub data can be recorded stably.

Abstract: A signal recording/playback apparatus includes a recording data converter. The recording data converter converts on a data pattern having a large influence on adjacent tracks on an optical disk, and outputs the converted data to an optical pickup. Specifically, by performing a data converting process in which, for a data pattern having a predetermined length of at least consecutive bits having identical values, part of the bits is inverted based on a conversion table, the recording data converter compensates a recording operation. Alternatively, instead of inverting the bits, by controlling the output power and pulse width of a laser, the recording operation is compensated. The signal recording/playback apparatus includes a played-back data converter. In the data playback mode of the signal recording/playback apparatus, the data converted by the recording data converter is identified and decoded into the original data by the played-back data converter. The played-back data converter outputs the original data.

Abstract: A magneto-optical recording medium includes a first magnetic layer (reproduction layer), a second magnetic layer (control layer), a third magnetic layer (blocking layer), and a fourth magnetic layer (recording layer) having respective Curie temperatures TC1, TC2, TC3 and TC4. The Curie temperatures of the layers satisfy the relationships TC1>TC3>TC2 and TC4>TC3. In addition, the magnetic anisotropy of the third magnetic layer Ku3 is greater than that of the second magnetic layer Ku2. A magnetic domain wall in the first magnetic layer in front of the spot irradiated by the reproduction light in the direction of travel is displaced toward the peak temperature portion so that a recorded domain is expanded. Displacement in the spot direction of a domain wall in the first magnetic layer behind the reproduction light spot in the direction of travel is suppressed. The second and third magnetic layers control the magnetic exchange coupling between the first and fourth magnetic layers.

Abstract: An optical recording medium having a wobble desirably arranged in a production process when having wobble at part of interfaces of lands and grooves is provided. An optical recording medium comprising an approximately disk-shaped disk substrate 15, formed in its surface with trenches 15a and having projections and recesses divided for every track region by the trenches 15a, on which are stacked an optical recording layer 16 having relief shapes corresponding with the trenches 15a and a protection film 17 and of a format where both regions of the projections (lands L) and the recesses (grooves G) are used as recording regions etc., wherein wobble W for providing clock information or address information is formed, between a pair of facing side walls forming each trench 15a, in a side wall portion at an inner circumferential side of the disk substrate 15 when seen from the recess (groove G) and at an outer circumferential side of the disk substrate 15 when seen from the projection (land L).

Abstract: A DMFC system which realizes appropriate temperature management on a methanol aqueous solution and on a DMFC with consideration given to the activity of methanol oxidation reaction between electrodes and suppression of degradation of solid polymer films. The fuel cell system according to the present invention comprises: a fuel cell which generates electric power by using liquid fuel; a fuel feed unit which feeds the liquid fuel to the fuel cell; an emission recovery unit which recovers emissions from the fuel cell; and a heat medium feed unit which feeds a heat medium for cooling the emissions to the emission recovery unit. Here, the heat medium cools the fuel cell.

Abstract: Cells constituting a fuel cell stack are measured for voltages with reference to a common ground. Here, voltmeters are used to measure voltages V1 to Vn across respective series of cells which increase in number in steps of two cells. Cell voltages Vc1 to Vcn each across two cells are calculated from the voltage measurements V1 to Vn, and then a standard deviation is calculated from the cell voltages Vc1 to Vcn. The standard deviation calculated thus can be used as an index of fuel concentration since it increases largely when the fuel concentration goes out of an allowable range.

Abstract: In a fuel cell system which dilutes a liquid fuel to supply the diluted liquid fuel to an anode, it is intended to achieve stable electricity generation capacity. The fuel cell system generates electricity by an electrochemical reaction between the liquid fuel and an oxidant, and this system comprises a cell which generates electricity by the electrochemical reaction; a fuel container containing the liquid fuel of high concentration; and a buffer tank which dilutes the liquid fuel in the fuel container to supply the diluted liquid fuel to the anode of the cell, wherein an electromagnetic valve is provided in a fuel supply path between the fuel container and the buffer tank to prevent the liquid fuel from flowing back from the buffer tank to the fuel container.

Abstract: A substrate for bioassay is provided in which sample substances can be disposed or pipetted efficiently and precisely on arbitrary reaction areas and a mutual reaction process such as hybridization at arbitrary reaction areas can be precisely detected. A substrate (1) that can optically interpret recorded information and including areas (2) to be detected is provided. Each of the areas (2) to be detected includes a data-detecting area (21) including at least a reaction area (21b) providing an area used for the mutual reaction process of substances (D) to be detected and a target substance (T), and a servo area (22) disposed in the area that is not overlapped with the data-detecting area (21) and optically providing positional information on the data-detecting area (21).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an annealing apparatus adapted for performing anneal processing with respect to a magneto optical recording medium, which comprises a diffraction optical unit (3) for optically separating light beams emitted from a laser light source (1) into first light beams which are the 0 (zero)-th order diffracted light beams and second and third light beams which are the first order diffracted light beams, an object lens (5) for converging the first light beams to irradiate the first light beams thus converged onto magnetic layers of guide grooves or land portions forming both sides of the guide grooves, and for converging the second and third light beams to irradiate the second and third light beams thus converged onto magnetic layers in the vicinity of the boundary portions between guide grooves and land portions, and a biaxial actuator unit (6) for controlling the object lens (5) on the basis of linear characteristic of a first tracking error signal generated on the basis of inten