Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the position and/or the speed of motion of a control element which can be moved back and forth between a first and second switching position. According to said method, an immersion body which is connected to the control element is guided through at least one stationary plunger coil, synchronously with the motion of said control element. The voltage that is generated as a result of the immersion body moving in relation to a permanent magnet and/or a permanent magnet moving in relation to the plunger coil is detected as a signal for the speed of motion of the control clement. The changes in impedance and or a current that are caused as a result of the movement of the immersion body in the plunger coil are detected as a signal for the position of the control element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for automatically generating smoothed characteristic diagrams for electronic engine controls of internal combustion piston engines. The invention is characterized in that the adjustment variable combination of the individual successive operating points are input by means of a motor control to a reference internal combustion piston engine by entering specified values of the boundary conditions for the operation of an internal combustion piston engine. According to the invention, the reference internal combustion piston engine is operated in this operating point, and the actual values and/or boundary conditions occurring during the same are acquired and compared with the specified values of the boundary conditions in an optimization system assigned to the engine control and, in the instance of variations, the adjustment variable combinations are optimally altered in a progressive manner by the optimization system.

Abstract: A measuring instrument (11) for fill level sensors (4) having a measuring electrode (6) and a compensating electrode (9). The measuring instrument (11) has a bridge circuit whose one bridge branch (21) is formed by two series-connected test resistors (23, 24). The other bridge branch (22) is formed by the measuring resistor (17) on the measuring electrode (6) and the compensating resistor (18) on the compensating electrode (9). Between the two bridge branches (21, 22) a diagonal line (26) with a test switch (27) is provided. The measuring instrument (11) is controlled by the control circuit (13) so that the diagonal line (26) is closed outside of preset test time periods, and interrupted at preset test time periods. The end of the diagonal line (26) located between the two test resistors (23, 24) is connected to the base potential (25) of the measuring circuit (12).

Abstract: A rail-mounted transport device for ultra-heavy loads, in particular for changing steel mill converters includes a vehicle which accepts the load independently and is guided on tracks to a delivery station via a turning station where the transport direction is changed, in particular by 90°. The vehicle frame has an annular component for accepting the load, at least three turning wheels provided at the periphery of the annular component, and transport wheels arranged on the vehicle frame, wherein the transport wheels and/or the turning wheels are adjustable in height by means of adjusting elements. The adjusting elements are connected to actuators which can be brought into a position above the vehicle frame in which the transport wheels are raised from the rails during turning. Motors drive the turning wheels to rotate the vehicle frame from the previous transport direction into the desired transport direction.

Abstract: Disclosed is a metallurgical vessel, in particular a converter for treating liquid molten metals, in particular steel, formed of a refractory lining and a supporting metal shell that surrounds the refractory lining. The vessel is composed of welded together shell rings and dished parts of creep-resistant steel with plate thicknesses of up to 100 mm. The creep-resistant steel used is a highly resistant, water-quenched and then tempered close-grained structural steel with the following composition in wt.-% C 0.14-0.22 Cr 0.4-1.0 Mo 0.3-0.8 Ni 1.5-3.0 V 0.05-0.12 Mn 0.7-1.3 Pmax 0.015 Smax 0.003 Al 0.015-0.065 Si 0.20-0.60 Cumax 0.15 Nmax 0.012 Camax 0.004 the remainder being iron and impurities due to the production process.

Abstract: A method of detecting combustion misfires in an internal-combustion engine, includes the following steps: variably actuating valve drives of the engine by an electronic engine control; performing a load-dependent control with the control system by a cylinder-control program; the load-dependent control includes the step of reducing power in at least one cylinder by separately affecting ignition and fuel supply thereto; detecting, in the control system by the cylinder-control program, the cylinder of reduced power with a cylinder-identification signal; at predeterminable intervals detecting, from signals obtained in the preceding step, resulting deviations of predetermined operating data as normal operation; detecting, as combustion misfires, deviations of the predetermined operating data from the normal operation obtained in the preceding step; and generating a setting signal upon detecting deviations in the preceding step.

Abstract: A method for starting up an electromagnetic actuator operating an engine cylinder valve. The actuator has two spaced electromagnets, between which an armature, connected to the cylinder valve, is reciprocated against a restoring spring from a center position to lie against a magnet pole face. An ECU alternatingly supplies the electromagnets with a capturing current, the level of which is regulated as a function of the approach of the armature toward a pole face, as detected by a sensor assembly. A reference temperature is detected for the magnets, and, at a normal temperature, the armature starts oscillating due to the alternating energization of the electromagnets, and is brought into contact with a pole face. Or, at a low temperature level, one of the electromagnets is supplied with a high current pulse.

Abstract: The steelworks converter on the vessel cone of which a cone cooling system is provided, having sinuously arranged lines for channeling the cooling medium, which open into at least one channel-like collector in the top and bottom regions of the converter head. At least one cooling medium supply and discharge is provided for the cooling medium. Collecting pipe is provided in the region of the bottom collector, that the collecting pipe is spaced away from at least one of the side walls of the bottom collector. The collecting pipe has at least one closable drain and is in communication with the bottom collector in such a way that the cooling medium in the collector can be channeled into the interior of the collecting pipe.

Abstract: A method of operating an externally-ignited internal-combustion engine which includes a plurality of engine cylinders each provided with cylinder valves, an ignition device, a fuel injection device and an electromagnetic valve drive for operating the cylinder valves, and which further includes an electronic engine control for controlling the cylinder valves, includes the following steps: monitoring the operation of the ignition device and/or the fuel injection device of each cylinder; and, during cold start and/or when a spark failure and/or an ignition failure is detected in one of the cylinders during the monitoring step, adapting the control of the electromagnetic valve drives of that cylinder to the changed operational conditions.

Abstract: A method of regulating the idling run of an internal-combustion engine having a crankshaft, a plurality of cylinders each provided with intake and exhaust valves, a piston received for reciprocation in each cylinder and an engine control for variably controlling the intake and exhaust valves. The method includes the following steps during the idling run: determining the opening moment of the intake valves as a function of the angular position of the crankshaft and determining the closing moment of the intake valves by the engine control as a function of time.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for operating a cylinder valve of an internal-combustion engine with an electromagnetic actuator for moving the cylinder valve into opposite open and closed valve end positions. The electromagnetic actuator has two spaced electromagnets provided with pole faces and being energizable with a controllable current flow, an armature operatively connected to the cylinder valve and arranged between the two electromagnets for a reciprocating motion therebetween into opposite armature end positions at the electromagnets in response to electromagnetic fields generated by the electromagnets for moving the cylinder valve into end positions thereof and return springs coupled to the armature and opposing, by a spring force, the displacements of the armature in response to the electromagnetic fields.

Abstract: An electromagnetic actuator for actuating a gas-exchange valve in a reciprocating internal combustion engine, the electromagnetic actuator comprising: an armature which is operatively connected to the gas-exchange valve; two electromagnets, each having a pole face; two oppositely oriented restoring springs; wherein the armature is guided in a reciprocating manner counter to the force of the two oppositely oriented restoring springs between the pole faces of the two electromagnets whose current supply can be controlled by a control device, the two electromagnets being disposed in mutual spacing and acting as opening and closing devices; and at least one additional mass which is associated with the gas-exchange valve and can be guided so that it is movable relative thereto and in the same direction of the gas-exchange valve, the at least one additional mass entering into operative connection with the gas-exchange valve, in the final phase of the armature's motion in the direction of a respective one of the two

Abstract: A method of initiating motion of at least one of cylinder valve of a cylinder of a reciprocating engine, with each cylinder valve being actuated by an electromagnetic actuator having an electrical closing magnet and an electrical opening magnet, between which magnets an armature that is connected to the cylinder valve to be actuated is movably guided back and forth, counter to the forces of restoring springs, and with the alternating current supply to the closing magnet and the opening magnet being controlled by an electrical engine control. The natural frequency of the spring-mass system formed by the restoring springs and the armature with the cylinder valve is stored in the electrical engine control. The instantaneous rpm and position of the crankshaft with respect to a dead center point position and with reference to the stored natural frequency are detected by the engine control.

Abstract: A method is provided for reducing an impact speed of an armature on a pole face of an electromagnet in an electro-magnetic actuator, in which the armature moves toward the pole face against a restoring spring force when the coil of the electromagnet is charged with current. The method includes limiting a voltage applied to the coil to a predeterminable maximum value as the armature approaches the pole face so that a current flowing through the coil drops for a portion of the time of the voltage limitation.

Abstract: A method is provided for controlling an electromagnetic actuator having an electromagnet including a magnetic core presenting a pole face and an electromagnet coil wound around the magnetic core, a return spring and an armature connected to an actuation mechanism and movable toward the pole face by a magnetic force of the electromagnet against the force of the return spring. The method includes: detecting a time behavior and/or value of current and/or voltage present at the electromagnet coil during a time period when the armature does not move relative to the electromagnet, and deriving a value corresponding to the actual ohmic resistance and/or inductance of the electromagnet coil from the detected time behavior and/or value from the detecting step for compensating changes in the ohmic resistance of the electromagnet coil.

Abstract: A method for a controlling cylinder valve drive in a piston-type internal combustion engine includes the steps of detecting vibration signals generated during operation by the cylinder valve drive or the cylinder valve, and actuating the cylinder valve drive in dependence on a value of the detected vibration signals which corresponds to the impact time or impact speed of the cylinder valves.

Abstract: A method is provided for monitoring a cylinder valve which is actuated by an electromagnetic actuator including an electromagnet having a magnetic core presenting a pole face and a coil wound around the magnetic core, a return spring and an armature that can be moved by the electromagnet in a direction toward the pole face counter to a force of the return spring for acting upon the cylinder valve.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the superfinishing of workpieces, particularly workpieces driven in rotary manner with the aid of a superfinishing tool driven in rotary manner proposes that although the superfinishing tool is driven, it is held in fixed manner. Infeeding takes place solely through the infeeding movement of the workpiece to be worked, which leads to a greater rigidity of the apparatus and at the same time a very simple construction.

Abstract: A method for controlling a piston-type internal combustion engine including dosing a fuel amount conditional upon a desired engine output and dosing a required air amount by controlling opening times of at least the gas intake valves.

Abstract: A method is provided for determining valve control times for a maximum charge for cylinders in a piston-type internal combustion engine provided with fuel injection, lambda sensor control and electromagnetically actuatable cylinder valves. The method includes setting the "intake closes" control moment to a preliminary value on all gas intake valves of the engine; changing continuously the "intake closes" control moment on the gas intake valves at least one cylinder while maintaining a constant engine rpm and determining, with the lambda sensor control at .lambda.=1, one of (1) a longest fuel injection duration and (2) a leanest operation at a constant injection duration; and storing the determined "intake closes" control moments at respective rpm's in a performance characteristic of an engine control for achieving a maximum charge in the cylinders at the respective rpm's.