Abstract: An electrochemical energy conversion and storage system includes an electrochemical energy conversion device, such as a fuel cell that is in fluid communication with a hydrogen or electrically regenerable organic liquid fuel and an oxidant, for receiving, catalyzing and electrochemically oxidizing at least a portion of the fuel to generate electricity, a thus partially oxidized liquid fuel, and water. The liquid fuel includes six-membered ring cyclic hydrocarbons with functional group substituents, wherein the ring hydrogens may undergo an electrochemical oxidative dehydrogenation to the corresponding aromatic molecules. Comprising ring-substituent functional groups may also be electrochemically oxidized now with a potential incorporation of oxygen thus providing an additional capacity for energy storage. The partially oxidized spent liquid fuel may be electrically regenerated in situ with now an input of electricity and water to the device, generating oxygen as a by-product.

Abstract: An electrochemical energy conversion and storage system includes an electrochemical energy conversion device, such as a fuel cell that is in fluid communication with a hydrogen or electrically regenerable organic liquid fuel and an oxidant, for receiving, catalyzing and electrochemically oxidizing at least a portion of the fuel to generate electricity, a thus partially oxidized liquid fuel, and water. The liquid fuel includes six-membered ring cyclic hydrocarbons with functional group substituents, wherein the ring hydrogens may undergo an electrochemical oxidative dehydrogenation to the corresponding aromatic molecules. Comprising ring-substituent functional groups may also be electrochemically oxidized now with a potential incorporation of oxygen thus providing an additional capacity for energy storage. The partially oxidized spent liquid fuel may be electrically regenerated in with now an input of electricity and water to the device, generating oxygen as a by-product.

Abstract: An electrochemical device and a proton conducting medium for use in an electrochemical device having a proton conducting electrolyte comprising the formula: HaMbQ.nH2O where H is a proton, M is a cation, Q is the fluoroborate or fluoroheteroborate anion, n ranges from 0.01 to 1000, a ranges from 0.01 to 2 and b ranges from 0 to 2, a and b are chosen to render the formula electrically neutral, and when b is greater than 0, the ratio of b to a is less than 100 to 1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improvement in lithium secondary batteries comprised of a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a separator, and a lithium-based electrolyte carried in an aprotic solvent and to the electrolyte compositions. The improvement resides in the use of a lithium salt of the formula: Li2B12FxZ12?x wherein x greater than or equal to 4 and Z represents H, Cl, and Br.

Abstract: The invention relates to electrolyte salts for electrochemical devices of improved physical, chemical and electrochemical stability.

Abstract: Process for producing hydrogen comprising reacting at least one hydrocarbon and steam in the presence of a complex metal oxide and a steam-hydrocarbon reforming catalyst in a production step under reaction conditions sufficient to form hydrogen gas and a spent complex metal oxide, wherein the complex metal oxide is represented by the formula AxByOn wherein A represents at least one metallic element having an oxidation state ranging from +1 to +3, inclusive, wherein the metallic element is capable of forming a metal carbonate; x is a number from 1 to 10, inclusive; B represents at least one metallic element having an oxidation state ranging from +1 to +7, inclusive; y is a number from 1 to 10, inclusive; and n represents a value such that the complex metal oxide is rendered electrically neutral.

Abstract: A process for producing hydrogen comprising reacting at least one hydrocarbon and steam in the presence of a complex metal oxide and a steam-hydrocarbon reforming catalyst in a production step under reaction conditions sufficient to form hydrogen and a spent complex metal oxide, wherein the complex metal oxide is represented by the formula (A?xCax?Mgx?)x(B?yMny?Fey?)yOn where A? represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sr, Ba, a Group 1 element, and an element of the Lanthanide series according to the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements; B? represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, and V; 0?x?1, 0?x??1, 0?x??1 wherein x+x?+x?=x; 0?y?1, 0?y??1, 0?y??1 wherein y+y?+y?=y; 1?x?10; 1?y?10; and n represents a value such that the complex metal oxide is rendered electrically neutral.

Abstract: A process and electrolytic cell for reducing in an ionic alkali metal compound, the cell containing anode and cathode electrodes, by supplying an electrolyte containing the alkali metal compound to the cell, applying an electric voltage to the cell to reduce said alkali metal compound at the cathode, and passing hydrogen or a hydrogen containing gas to at least one electrode while the compound is reduced at the cathode.

Abstract: The present invention relates a battery comprising: a lithium salt of the formula: Li2B12FxZ12-x where x averages at least 4 but not more than 12 and Z is H, Cl, or Br, and a solvent having a higher dielectric constant than a solvent consisting of a 3:7 ratio by weight of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC).

Abstract: A process and electrolytic cell for reducing in an ionic alkali metal compound, the cell containing anode and cathode electrodes, by supplying an electrolyte containing the alkali metal compound to the cell, applying an electric voltage to the cell to reduce said alkali metal compound at the cathode, and passing hydrogen or a hydrogen containing gas to at least one electrode while the compound is reduced at the cathode.

Abstract: The present invention is an improved process for the storage and delivery of hydrogen by the reversible hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of an organic compound wherein the organic compound is initially in its hydrogenated state. The improvement in the route to generating hydrogen is in the dehydrogenation step and recovery of the dehydrogenated organic compound resides in the following steps: introducing a hydrogenated organic compound to a microchannel reactor incorporating a dehydrogenation catalyst; effecting dehydrogenation of said hydrogenated organic compound under conditions whereby said hydrogenated organic compound is present as a liquid phase; generating a reaction product comprised of a liquid phase dehydrogenated organic compound and gaseous hydrogen; separating the liquid phase dehydrogenated organic compound from gaseous hydrogen; and, recovering the hydrogen and liquid phase dehydrogenated organic compound.

Abstract: An electrochemical device and a proton conducting medium for use in an electrochemical device having a proton conducting electrolyte comprising the formula: HaMbQ.nH2O where H is a proton, M is a cation, Q is the fluoroborate or fluoroheteroborate anion, n ranges from 0.01 to 1000, a ranges from 0.01 to 2 and b ranges from 0 to 2, a and b are chosen to render the formula electrically neutral, and when b is greater than 0, the ratio of b to a is less than 100 to 1.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of 1,1-difluoroolefins, e.g., difluorovinyl cycloaliphatic compounds such as difluorovinylcyclohexane and derivatives by the dehydrofluorination of a trifluoromethyl-substituted cycloaliphatic compound and the resulting compositions. This method utilizes a “sterically hindered super-base” system represented by the formula M+?NRR?; where M is Na or K and R is a secondary, or tertiary alkyl or cycloalkyl group of amines for effecting dehydrofluorination of the trifluoromethyl group leading to the difluorovinyl based cycloaliphatic compounds. The sterically hindered super base can be formed by the, in situ, reaction of a sodium or potassium alkoxide, e.g., KtBuO with a lithium dialkylamide where the lithium is bonded to nitrogen atom of an amine bearing secondary or tertiary aliphatic groups.

Abstract: A material for the storage of hydrogen is provided comprising single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT), wherein the majority of the diameters of the single wall carbon nanotubes of the assembly range from 0.4 to 1.0 nanometers (nm), and the average length is less than or equal to 1000 nm, or the diameters of the single wall carbon nanotubes of the assembly range from 0.4 to 1.0 nanometers (nm), and the heat (??H) of hydrogen adsorption of the material is within the range from 4 kcal/mole H2 to 8 kcal/mole H2. Processes for the storage and release of hydrogen using the materials are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improvement in lithium secondary batteries comprised of a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a separator, and a lithium-based electrolyte carried in an aprotic solvent and to the electrolyte compositions. The improvement resides in the use of a lithium salt of the formula: Li2B12FxZ12-x wherein x greater than or equal to 4 and Z represents H, Cl, and Br.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improvement in lithium secondary batteries comprised of a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a separator, and a lithium-based electrolyte carried in an aprotic solvent and to the electrolyte compositions. The improvement resides in the use of a lithium electrolyte of the formula: Li2B12FxZ12-x wherein x=>5 and Z represents H, Cl, and Br. Preferably, when x is less than 12, Z is Cl.

Abstract: Disclosed is a dispenser useful for dispensing a first liquid and retrieving a second liquid comprising a first conduit having an orifice for dispensing the first liquid, and a second conduit having an orifice for retrieving a second liquid in direction countercurrent to the first liquid. Also disclosed are methods for using a dispenser of the invention comprising placing a dispenser in communication with a first compartment and a second compartment, the dispenser comprising a first conduit having an orifice for dispensing the first liquid and a second conduit having an orifice for retrieving a second liquid in direction countercurrent to the first liquid; transferring the first liquid through the first conduit into the first compartment; and transferring the second liquid situated in the second compartment into the second conduit. The invention also relates to the use of the dispenser in a fueling process.

Abstract: Novel compositions containing SF4—O—CF3 bonded to an organic group are disclosed. Aryl trifluoromethoxytetrafluorosulfuranes (or Ar—SF4—O—CF3), have been synthesized via the reaction of an aryl disulfide or thiol with fluoroxytrifluoromethane (F3COF). The compositions are useful synthons, which may be derivatized to yield highly electrically polar molecules, particularly novel liquid crystal compositions having high dielectric anisotropies. Cycloalkyl trifluoromethoxytetrafluorosulfuranes have similar utility.

Abstract: Processes are provided for the storage and release of hydrogen by means of a substantially reversible catalytic hydrogenation of extended pi-conjugated substrates which include large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with nitrogen heteroatoms, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with oxygen heteroatoms, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with alkyl, alkoxy, nitrile, ketone, ether or polyether substituents, pi-conjugated molecules comprising 5 membered rings, pi-conjugated molecules comprising six and five membered rings with nitrogen or oxygen hetero atoms, and extended pi-conjugated organic polymers. The hydrogen, contained in the at least partially hydrogenated form of the extended pi-conjugated system, can be facilely released for use by a catalytic dehydrogenation of the latter in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst which can be effected by lowering the hydrogen gas pressure, generally to pressures greater than 0.1 bar or raising the temperature to less than 250° C.

Abstract: A process and electrolytic cell for reducing in an ionic alkali metal compound, the cell containing anode and cathode electrodes, by supplying an electrolyte containing the alkali metal compound to the cell, applying an electric voltage to the cell to reduce said alkali metal compound at the cathode, and passing hydrogen or a hydrogen containing gas to at least one electrode while the compound is reduced at the cathode.