Abstract: A snow-gun for producing man-made snow from a combination of compressed air and water features a new nozzle configuration for discharging a mixture of water-particles and air into the surrounding atmosphere. Such nozzle is provided with an elliptically-shaped discharge port having a transverse cross-section that gradually expands in size in the direction in which the air and water particles are discharged from said nozzle. Preferably, the area of the elliptical port changes non-linearly through the front wall of the nozzle, whereby water particles exiting the gun through the nozzle port are less likely to collide with the side walls of the port or with each other before reaching the relatively cold ambient atmosphere.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing man-made snow without using either compressed air or high-speed fans. The method makes use of a special water nozzle that is designed to provide a high volume spray of water particles that, owing to their size distribution (having a median size of between about 100 and 200 microns) in the spray, are readily susceptible to conversion to ice crystals as they settle to earth under favorable ambient conditions. Preferably, water applied to the nozzle is seeded with artificial nucleation sites so that water particles in a spray containing such sites are more susceptible to conversion to ice crystals as the particles settle to earth.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing man-made snow without using either compressed air or high-speed fans. The method makes use of a special water nozzle that is designed to provide a high volume spray of water particles that, owing to their size distribution (having a median size of between about 100 and 200 microns) in the spray, are readily susceptible to conversion to ice crystals as they settle to earth under favorable ambient conditions. Preferably, water applied to the nozzle is seeded with artificial nucleation sites so that water particles in a spray containing such sites are more susceptible to conversion to ice crystals as the particles settle to earth.

Abstract: Snow-making apparatus comprises the combination of a bulk water nozzle for projecting a spray of water particles into the air, and a plurality of nucleators for injecting ice particles (nuclei) into the spray to provide nucleation sites about the water particles freeze and form snow particles or crystals. Each nucleator comprises discrete nozzles for respectively projecting air and water particles to a location at which they collide in the open air to form ice particles. Because the ice particles are formed "externally" of any housing, the "freeze-up" problem associated with the "internal-mix" nucleators of the prior art is avoided. Preferably, each of the water nozzles of the external mix nucleators projects a relatively thin "sheet" of water which collides with a similar pattern of compressed air which acts (a) to break-up the water into relatively tiny droplets (e.g.

Abstract: A fanless snow gun for producing man-made snow comprises one or more water nozzles for projecting a substantially conical spray of water particles into the air, and a plurality of nucleating nozzles arranged rearwardly of and at spaced locations surrounding the water nozzles for injecting ice nuclei into the water spray to effect conversion of the water particles to snow prior to descending to the ground. To compensate for the absence of an independent source of air (e.g. a motorized fan) for cooling the water particles provided by the water nozzles, the snow gun is adapted to be supported at least 20 feet above ground level to increase the particle flight time and, hence cooling time, the water particle size is limited to about 300 microns or smaller to facilitate particle cooling and conversion to ice crystals, and the ratio of ice nuclei-to-water particles in the spray is increased by at least a factor of at least two compared to the same ratio in conventional fan guns.

Abstract: A motorized water hydrant of the type operated by a bi-directional electric motor assembly is provided with a mechanism for operating the hydrant in the event of electric power failure. A motor drive shaft rigidly coupled to a valve stem on the hydrant has first and second portions of circular and hexagonal cross-section, respectively. A handle member having a hexagonal aperture therein is slidably mounted on the drive shaft for movement between a first position in which the first portion of the shaft may rotate freely within the handle aperture, and a second position in which the second portion of the shaft mates with the handle aperture and prevents the motor drive shaft from rotating in the motor assembly. The motor assembly is rotatably mounted on the hydrant housing for movement about the valve stem axis. When the handle is moved to its second position and the motor assembly is manually rotated about the valve stem axis, the hydrant operates manually.

Abstract: Each snow-gun site of a multisite snow-making system is equipped with a microprocessor-based logic and control unit. The latter responds to time-varying signals representative of the ambient temperature and relative humidity of its associated site to continuously adjust the flow rate of water applied to the snow gun(s) of such site in order to maintain a desired snow consistency. Based on the instantaneous values of temperature and relative humidity, the logic and control unit determines a nominal water flow rate value which, for the particular parameters of the snow-making system, will produce a desired snow consistency. This nominal value is compared with the present water flow rate value to produce a control signal used for adjusting a motor-controlled valve which determines the water flow rate applied to the snow-gun. The nominal water flow rate value can be selectively adjusted, on site, to account, for example, for gradual changes in system parameters, e.g.

Abstract: Apparatus for repeatedly sweeping a snow-gun nozzle through a desired angular range to more evenly distributed man-made snow produced by a snow-gun. Such apparatus comprises a bi-directional electric motor for driving a rotatably mounted snow-gun support in opposite directions about an axis of rotation, a pair of mechanical stops for limiting rotational movement of the snow-gun support to a predetermined angular range which defines a maximum sweep angle for the nozzle, and circuitry for sensing motor current. A comparator circuit, operatively connected to the output of the current-sensing circuit, functions to reverse the current flow through the motor, thereby changing the direction of rotational movement of the snow-gun support, whenever the current through the motor exceeds a preset threshold level. Such level is reached whenever the support's rotational movement has been limited by one of the two mechanical stops.

Abstract: A remote-controlled snow-making system responds to certain electrical signals to control the quality (i.e., moisture content) of the snow produced by such system and the direction in which the snow is projected. The system comprises a plurality of conventional snow-guns, each being connected to water and compressed air supplies via motor-controlled valves. The relative settings of such valves determines the water-to-air ratio within the gun and, hence, snow quality. Each snow-gun is movably mounted so that the direction in which it projects a spray of machine-made snow can be adjusted in both elevation and azimuth. Separate motors control the elevation and azimuth positions of each snow-gun. A control circuit, remotely addressable, e.g., by radio waves, controls the operation of the motor-controlled valves and the gun-position motors. By virtue of the invention, man-made snow can be produced more efficiently, more reliably, and with substantially less human involvement and, hence, cost.

Abstract: A rotatable valve stem in a fluid (e.g. water) hydrant controls the axial position of a plug relative to a valve seat to control fluid-flow through the valve seat. The valve stem is threaded into a bushing of the hydrant so that rotational movement of the stem causes axial movement thereof. According to the invention, rotation of such valve stem is motorized by the coupling of a rotatably-driven drive shaft of an electric motor to the valve stem. The motor and, optionally, a gearing arrangement are enclosed by a protective housing supported by the hydrant. The motor is slidably mounted within the protective housing to accommodate axial movement of the motor caused by the axial movement of the valve stem and its coupled motor drive shaft.