Abstract: A system for event detection and reporting has primary sensors for producing raw data from observing the proximate area, one or more processors for the primary sensors, for processing the raw data to produce output, a centralized controller to which each of the processors is connected, for receiving the output, a security network for communicating between the sensors, the controller, and one or more remote terminals, the security network having an alarm, and a plurality of auxiliary sensors for providing secondary sensor information to the one or more processors wherein the controller provides an alarm to the remote terminals through the security network if an event has occurred. A method of event detection has the steps of receiving a control command, alarm message and sensor information, determining if an event has occurred, and sending alarm messages and filtered sensor information to remote terminals if an event has occurred.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a first insulating interlayer on a first region of a substrate and a second insulating interlayer on a second region of the substrate, a plurality of first wiring structures on the first insulating interlayer, the first wiring structures being spaced apart from each other, a plurality of second wiring structures filling a plurality of trenches on the second insulating interlayer, respectively, an insulation capping structure selectively on a surface of the first insulating interlayer between the first wiring structures and on a sidewall and an upper surface of each of the first wiring structures, the insulation capping structure including an insulating material, a third insulating interlayer on the first and second wiring structures, and an air gap among the first wiring structures under the third insulating interlayer.

Abstract: Methods for fabricating semiconductor devices may provide enhanced performance and reliability by recovering quality of a low-k insulating film damaged by a plasma process. A method may include forming a first interlayer insulating film having a trench therein on a substrate, filling at least a portion of the trench with a metal wiring region, exposing a surface of the metal wiring region and a surface of the first interlayer insulating film to a plasma in a first surface treatment process, then exposing the surface of the first interlayer insulating film to a recovery gas containing a methyl group (—CH3) in a second surface treatment process, and then forming an etch stop layer on the metal wiring region and the first interlayer insulating film.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a first interlayer dielectric film on a substrate, first and second wires respectively extending in a first direction within the first interlayer dielectric film, the first and second wires being adjacent to each other in a second direction different from the first direction, a hard mask pattern on the first interlayer dielectric film, the hard mask pattern including an opening, and an air gap within the first interlayer dielectric film, the air gap including a first portion overlapping vertically with the opening and a second portion not overlapping with the opening in the first direction.

Abstract: A system for event detection and reporting has primary sensors for producing raw data from observing the proximate area, one or more processors for the primary sensors, for processing the raw data to produce output, a centralized controller to which each of the processors is connected, for receiving the output, a security network for communicating between the sensors, the controller, and one or more remote terminals, the security network having an alarm, and a plurality of auxiliary sensors for providing secondary sensor information to the one or more processors wherein the controller provides an alarm to the remote terminals through the security network if an event has occurred. A method of event detection has the steps of receiving a control command, alarm message and sensor information, determining if an event has occurred, and sending alarm messages and filtered sensor information to remote terminals if an event has occurred.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing a composition comprising at least one acid ester stemming from the biomass and an organic biosolvent is provided. The method comprises the esterification reaction between at least one acid stemming from the biomass and at least one alcohol, in the presence of an acid catalyst and of the organic biosolvent, the organic biosolvent being selective of the ester or of the esters formed relatively to the acid or to the starting acids and non-miscible with the alcoholic solution of the acid stemming from the biomass.

Abstract: A technique that can effectively utilize unused wireless link and realize high-quality wireless communication between a communication terminal and a base station and enables efficient distribution of radio resources over an entire wireless communication system is provided. A wireless communication system in which a base station and a communication terminal can conduct wireless communication by detecting a usable wireless link and changing a wireless link used for the connection is also provided. On the communication network side, in addition to a plurality of wireless communication networks and a base station, a server device is provided.

Abstract: Object: To provide a mechanism and a function of a system that can determine a communication method and the like effectively utilizing frequency resources, considering priority of each communication, in a cognitive communication network system of a frequency shared type or the like assuming that a given frequency band is shared by a plurality of systems in use.

Abstract: A device for measuring blood coagulation time is formed from a first substrate; a second substrate; a spacer layer disposed between the first and second substrates, said spacer layer having an opening formed therein defining a sample receiving chamber, a vented sink chamber, and an elongated reservoir forming a conduit for liquid movement between the sample receiving chamber and the sink chamber; a first electrode disposed on the first substrate, said first electrode being exposed in the reservoir portion through a first opening in the spacer layer; and a second electrode disposed on the second substrate, said second electrode being exposed in the reservoir portion through a second opening in the spacer layer. The device of the invention is used in combination with an apparatus that is connected to the first and second electrodes for measuring current flow between the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: According to various embodiments, a method for determining a result of applying a first function to an input may be provided. The method may include: determining a second function; and applying the second function to a value based on the input to determine a first intermediate value; applying the second function to a value based on the intermediate value to determine the result.

Abstract: Entropy encoding is performed in the inventive apparatus and method in response to the scanning of transform coefficients following an initial scanning pattern selected on the basis of probability statistics of non-zero coefficients for each block position. These non-zero probability statistics are ranked for a given combination of coding characteristics within the current block to arrive at an initial scanning pattern. The same initial scanning pattern selection is performed in the decoder to allow the transform coefficients to be extracted in their proper order from encoded video data. The pattern selection is applicable to both intra prediction and inter prediction. Transform coefficients are more accurately ordered in response to the invention because in adapting pattern initialization to quantization step size, high-frequency basis functions are properly taken into account.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wireless communication system and the like that can avoid interference even if a plurality of networks coexist. The wireless communication system includes a primary user, cluster head equipment, and a secondary user. The cluster head equipment is for providing a local area network to a cluster region containing the abovementioned primary user. Also, the cluster head equipment contains: an acquisition means that acquires one or both—of information regarding the primary user and information regarding a primary signal—and the like; and a transmission means that transmits information to the secondary user. Then, using this wireless communication system, the secondary user performs cognitive wireless communication or the like on the basis of the information received from the transmission means of the cluster head equipment.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wireless communication system capable of avoiding interference even when a network including a secondary user coexists. The wireless communication system includes a primary user belonging to a first network, a first secondary user belonging to a second network, and a coexistence manager (CM). The coexistence manager (CM) acquires information relating to spectrum holes that are, at least temporarily, not in use by the primary user. In addition, the coexistence manager (CM) determines whether or not usage of the spectrum holes by the first secondary user causes interference. If the determination result is that interference is caused, coexistence manager (CM) notifies to this effect a second secondary user belonging to a third network, which differs from the second network.

Abstract: There is disclosed a channel adjusting method capable of suppressing the occurrence of interference between a cognitive pilot channel (CPC) and an auxiliary control channel (ACS) in cognitive wireless communications. According to the channel adjusting method for use in cognitive wireless communications, initially, a connection using a cognitive pilot channel (CPC) is set up. Thereafter, it is determined whether or not a spectrum sensing channel (ACS) is to be utilized. If yes, it is then determined whether or not any interference occurs between the spectrum sensing channel (ACS) and the set-up cognitive pilot channel (CPC). This allows an adjustment to be performed such that no interference occurs between the cognitive pilot channel (CPC) and the spectrum sensing channel (ACS).

Abstract: Provided is a power control method, etc., in cognitive radio communication, by which power control can be effectively performed without a large indirect cost. In the power control method, a target value of SNR is estimated on the basis of the control information relating to interference. Subsequently, communication power used for the cognitive radio communication is adjusted on the basis of the estimated target value of SNR. Thereby, power control can be effectively performed without a large indirect cost.

Abstract: In a cognitive radio communication device, before a communication link for the cognitive radio communication is established, a control channel which is a common channel which can be used by a plurality of cognitive radio communication devices is detected. By exchanging sensing information and sensing control information among the plurality of radio communication devices using the detected common channel, the information is shared. The plurality of cognitive radio communication devices share the sensing information and the sensing control information, and use the information for determining a channel used for spectrum monitoring and data communication, and the like.

Abstract: Provided is a wireless communication system capable of increasing safety in the aviation industry, and applicable to the aviation industry. The wireless communication system comprises a control device and a spectrum sensor. The spectrum sensor performs spectrum sensing using a measurement SAP, receives a signal from a wireless communication device, and transmits information relating to the received signal as sensing information through a communication SAP. On the other hand, the control device receives the sensing information from the spectrum sensor through the communication SAP. Subsequently, the sensing information is analyzed using an application SAP. Thereby, whether or not the signal from the wireless communication device interferes with the radio waves of the airband used in the aviation industry is specified.

Abstract: Methods and associated computer-readable media to detect fraudulent activities made over a network-based facility using a machine are disclosed. Responsive to a first event with respect to the network-based facility and initiated either under a first user identity or a first set of user transaction preferences from the machine which is coupled to the network-based facility via a network, the method causes a first identifier associated with either the first user identity or the first set of user transaction preferences to be stored on the machine. Responsive to a second event initiated under either a second user identity or a second set of user transaction preferences, detecting a potentially fraudulent activity occurs by detecting a lack of correspondence between the first identifier stored on the machine and a second identifier associated with either the second user identity or the second set of user transaction preferences.

Abstract: In a DOCSIS transmission network, it is necessary for an upstream receiver to estimate and correct for errors in the carrier frequency of the transmission based upon observations of a preamble sequence. This task is complicated by the fact that microreflections in the upstream channels cause intersymbol interference, which tends to bias the frequency estimation circuit. An economical, ISI-immune algorithm is provided for estimating the carrier frequency of upstream transmissions. The arrangement improves the reliability of the frequency estimates in the presence of ISI, thereby reducing the overhead and increasing the throughput of the upstream channels.

Abstract: Provided is a spectrum sensor for cognitive wireless communication whereby it is possible to improve communication efficiency. In a cognitive wireless communication system, a spectrum sensor senses spectra in multiple frequency bands. A spectrum sensor is configured to be able to operate in one operation mode selected from among a spectrum sensing mode for sensing spectra, and a communication mode for communicating with a wireless communication device. Further, the spectrum sensor is provided with a controller for controlling the operation mode. The controller switches between the above-mentioned operation modes during the symbol period of an ultra-wideband physical layer (UWB PHY).