Abstract: Methods of forming a gate structure for an integrated circuit memory device include forming a metal oxide dielectric layer on an integrated circuit substrate. Ions of a selected element from group 4 of the periodic table and having a thermal diffusivity of less than about 0.5 centimeters per second (cm2/s) are injected into the dielectric layer to form a charge storing region in the dielectric layer with a tunnel dielectric layer under the charge storing region and a capping dielectric layer above the charge storing region. The substrate including the metal oxide dielectric layer is thermally treated to form a plurality of discrete charge storing nano crystals in the charge storing region. A gate electrode layer is formed on the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A vacuum plate for a fabricating apparatus of a semiconductor device, the vacuum plate includes: a first vacuum panel having a plurality of exhaust holes, the plurality of exhaust holes having same area and same distance from a center of the first vacuum panel, the plurality of exhaust holes being symmetrical and spaced apart from each other; and a second vacuum panel having a sidewall, a pumping hole and an air-load block, the sidewall being vertically protruded along an edge of the second vacuum panel, the air-load block being vertically protruded and symmetrical, a bottom surface of the first vacuum panel contacting a top surface of the sidewall and a top surface of the air-load block, thereby the first and second vacuum panels being combined.

Abstract: A vacuum plate for a fabricating apparatus of a semiconductor device, the vacuum plate includes: a first vacuum panel having a plurality of exhaust holes, the plurality of exhaust holes having same area and same distance from a center of the first vacuum panel, the plurality of exhaust holes being symmetrical and spaced apart from each other; and a second vacuum panel having a sidewall, a pumping hole and an air-load block, the sidewall being vertically protruded along an edge of the second vacuum panel, the air-load block being vertically protruded and symmetrical, a bottom surface of the first vacuum panel contacting a top surface of the sidewall and a top surface of the air-load block, thereby the first and second vacuum panels being combined.

Abstract: A refrigerator having a device for opening/closing cool air supply ports is disclosed. The refrigerator has a sensor for sensing temperature in a cooling compartment, a motor for driving the device, and a control part for controlling the motor so that an open degree of the cool air supply ports are controlled by the device on the basis of the temperature difference between the sensed temperature and a standard temperature. Since the open degree of the cool air supply ports is controlled according to the standard temperature and the real temperature of the cooling compartment, the temperature of the cooling compartment is exactly controlled.

Abstract: A method for controlling opening/closing of cool air discharge ports of a refrigerator is disclosed. The refrigerator has a device for opening/closing the ports. The device has a member for opening/closing the ports, and a motor for driving the member. A microcomputer measures temperatures at positions in a cooling compartment, and calculates a difference between the measured temperatures. When the difference is more than a predetermined value, the motor is driven so that the member repeats opening and closing of the ports. Then, the circulation effect of the cool air in the cooling compartment is enhanced, and the temperature in the cooling compartment maintained uniform.

Abstract: Disclosed is a refrigerator having cool air dispersing blades. The blades are rotatably disposed near cool air discharge ports in a duct. The discharge direction of the cool air is determined by angular positions of the blades. The blades are driven by a motor capable of controlling an angular position thereof. A microprocessor controls the motor so that the angular position of the blades is successively changed with a predetermined time interval. Then the temperature of the compartment is maintained uniform effectively.

Abstract: A temperature controlling method and apparatus for a refrigerator by controlling the velocity of a rotary blade are provided. In the temperature controlling method, a fuzzy model for inferring an equilibrium velocity corresponding to the rotation velocity of the rotary blade, required for the temperature equilibrium within a refrigeration compartment, is constituted and then the fuzzy inference is performed based on the fuzzy model using the change in temperature measured at a predetermined number of portions within the refrigeration compartment to calculate the equilibrium velocity, thereby controlling the rotation velocity of the rotary blade according to the calculated equilibrium velocity.

Abstract: A defrosting apparatus for a refrigerator and a method for controlling the defrosting apparatus, wherein the refrigerating compartment is cooled irrespective of the internal temperature of the freezing compartment when the internal temperature of the refrigerating compartment is higher than a predetermined temperature, so that the refrigerating compartment is maintained below the predetermined temperature. The defrosting operation is carried out in accordance with the drive times of the compressor and refrigerating compartment fan when the internal temperature of the refrigerating compartment is higher than the predetermined temperature even though the compressor and refrigerating compartment fan are continuously driven. Accordingly, it is possible to improve the cooling efficiency.

Abstract: A temperature controlling method and apparatus for a refrigerator are provided, in which a temperature-equilibrating position into which cool air is to be discharged is calculated based on a fuzzy model and learning of a neural network, using the change in temperatures measured by only a small number of temperature sensors at a predetermined number of portions within a refrigeration compartment, and then the rotation velocity of a ventilation fan and a stop angle of a rotary blade are controlled according to the calculated temperature-equilibrating position. As a result, the cool air is appropriately discharged into each portion according to the distance between the rotary blade and a target position, so that the optimal temperature equilibrium is obtained in the refrigeration compartment.

Abstract: A temperature controlling method is provided for a separate cooling refrigerator having a rotary blade in which a freezer compartment and a refrigeration compartment having the rotary blade at the rear wall thereof are separately cooled by installing an evaporator and a ventilation fan in each compartment, and a refrigerant is properly provided to each ventilation fan for the freezer and refrigeration compartments by a compressor. According to the method, a stationary angle of the rotary blade is controlled to discharge cool air into the highest-temperature portion within the refrigeration compartment, inferred by a fuzzy inference, and a cool air discharging cycle is also controlled by the compressor and the ventilation fan for the refrigeration compartment, maintaining the temperature equilibrium within the refrigeration compartment.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes a temperature control system which supplies cooling air to the freezing and cooling chambers. The system calculates the average temperature of the cooling chamber and determines an optimal position of a variable cooling air injecting louver. The system controls both the injecting direction and the amount of cooling air entering the cooling chamber, for uniformly and actively distributing the cooling air inside the cooling chamber.