Abstract: A method of operating a pressure wave generator (1) with a pressure chamber (2), wherein the pressure wave generator (1) comprises a closure element (9) which, in a closed position, closes the pressure chamber (2) with respect to an outlet (15) and, in an open position, —allows a working medium to flow out of the pressure chamber (2) into the outlet (15); an actuator by means of which the closure element (9) can be brought from the closed position into the open position and, in particular, can also be brought from the open position into the closed position; wherein the method comprises repeatedly performing the following steps: filling the pressure chamber (2) with a gaseous working medium at a pressure of over one hundred bar; moving the actuator and thereby moving the closure element (9) in an opening direction to open the pressure chamber (2) with respect to the outlet (15), and discharging the pressurized working medium from the pressure chamber (2) through the outlet (15) within a discharge time per

Abstract: A pneumatic actuator (4b), in particular for use in a pressure wave generator (1) comprises: a first piston surface (91) which acts counter to a gaseous working medium in a first volume (41), wherein a pressure in the first volume (41) effects an actuator force in a first direction upon the first piston surface (91); a second piston surface (92) which acts counter to the working medium in a second volume (42), wherein a pressure in the second volume (42) effects an actuator force in a second direction opposite to the first direction, upon the second piston surface (92); a throttle between the first volume (41) and the second volume (42); an inlet/outlet opening (45) of the first volume (41) for bringing the working medium into and discharging it out of, the first volume; wherein the first piston surface (91) is larger than the second piston surface (92).

Abstract: A device serves for the repeated generation of explosions, in particular for the drive of an aircraft. It comprises: ?a combustion chamber (21), ?at least one feed line for feeding a flowable, explosive material or components which form an explosive material upon mixing to the combustion chamber (21); ?a discharge device for the targeted discharge of a gas pressure which is generated by way of ignition of the explosive material in the combustion chamber (21), ?a movable nozzle regulating element (26) for the partial or complete closure of the discharge device, ?an actuating element (25) which is configured to open the discharge device further after opening of the discharge device and during an outflow of explosion gases by way of the discharge device. Here, the discharge device has a plurality of part nozzles (40) for the discharge of the gas pressure, and a position of the part nozzles (40) can be set by way of the actuating element (25).

Abstract: A device for the repeated production of explosions includes an explosion space, a feed conduit for feeding a flowable, explosive material, a discharge opening for the directed discharge of a gas pressure produced by the ignition of the explosive material in the explosion space, and a movable closure element for the partial or complete closure of the discharge opening. The device includes an exit nozzle with a nozzle entry area and a nozzle exit area, as well as an actuation device. The actuation device is adapted, after an opening of the discharge opening and an outflow of explosion gases through the exit nozzle, to adjust an area ratio between the nozzle entry area and the nozzle exit area. The area ratio at least approximately follows an ideal area ratio for the production of a maximal exit speed of the explosion gases, in dependence on the pressure in the explosion space.

Abstract: A device for the repeated production of explosions includes an explosion space, a feed conduit for feeding a flowable, explosive material, a discharge opening for the directed discharge of a gas pressure produced by the ignition of the explosive material in the explosion space, and a movable closure element for the partial or complete closure of the discharge opening. The device includes an exit nozzle with a nozzle entry area and a nozzle exit area, as well as an actuation device. The actuation device is adapted, after an opening of the discharge opening and an outflow of explosion gases through the exit nozzle, to adjust an area ratio between the nozzle entry area and the nozzle exit area. The area ratio at least approximately follows an ideal area ratio for the production of a maximal exit speed of the explosion gases, in dependence on the pressure in the explosion space.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing explosions, including a pressure-resistance container having a main explosion chamber introduced therein, further including a supply line for supplying a flowable explosible material, and a drain opening for the directed drainage of gas pressure caused by the ignition of the explosible material. The drain opening is closed directly by a closure means, preferably a plunger, which is pressed against the drain opening using a gas spring and held closed substantially up to the time of ignition. Before the actual main explosion, the closure means is moved by the igniting and the pressure force of an auxiliary explosion, thereby exposing the drain opening.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for producing explosions, including a pressure-resistance container having a main explosion chamber introduced therein, further including a supply line for supplying a flowable explosible material, and a drain opening for the directed drainage of gas pressure caused by the ignition of the explosible material. The drain opening is closed directly by a closure means, preferably a plunger, which is pressed against the drain opening using a gas spring and held closed substantially up to the time of ignition. Before the actual main explosion, the closure means is moved by the igniting and the pressure force of an auxiliary explosion, thereby exposing the drain opening.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and to a method for producing pressure waves of a high intensity. Thereby, a flowable, explosive substance, or flowable components which form an explosive mixture on mixing and are preferably gaseous, are introduced into a pressure-tight container and ignited. The gas pressure arising from the ignition is led away through a previously closed passage. Preferably, a closure is kept closed by way of a spring element until the explosion, wherein the spring element comprises a relief device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and to a method for producing pressure waves of a high intensity. Thereby, a flowable, explosive substance, or flowable components which form an explosive mixture on mixing and are preferably gaseous, are introduced into a pressure-tight container and ignited. The gas pressure arising from the ignition is led away through a previously closed passage. Preferably, a closure is kept closed by way of a spring element until the explosion, wherein the spring element comprises a relief device.

Abstract: An on-line method and a device for cleaning of contamination such as caking or slag deposits from surfaces in vessels and combustion installations by means of blasting technology. An explosive gas mixture is made to detonate in the proximity of the deposits and thereby clean the deposits from the surfaces.

Abstract: The invention is related to a so-called on-line method and a device for the cleaning of contamination with dirt, resp., caking or slag deposits in vessels and combustion installations by means of blasting technology. For this purpose, an explosive gas mixture is made to detonate in the proximity of the contamination with dirt, resp., caking or slag deposits.

Abstract: In a process for melting inorganic materials (7) in a rotary horizontal converter or a rotary kiln (1) by adding fuel (8), oxygen or oxygen-enriched gases (10) and the inorganic materials (7) to a liquid bath (5), solid fuel (8) is added in piece form. The oxygen or the oxygen-enriched gas (10) is blown at high velocity (v) onto the surface of the bath (5), reacts with the solid fuel (8) and releases heat in the course of this. By means of the process of the invention, high temperatures can be achieved with the use of inexpensive fuels.

Abstract: In a process for the thermal treatment of solid materials (3), in particular refuse, in which the solid materials (3) are burnt/gasified or pyrolized in a first step (5) with a lack of oxygen, and then, in an afterburning zone (14), the flue gases (6) from the first step (5) are mixed with an oxygen-containing gaseous medium (15) and are burnt with complete burn-off, the flue gases (6) emerging from the first step (5) are firstly actively homogenized in a mixing zone (7) with the addition of a gaseous oxygen-free or low-oxygen medium (8) before they are mixed with the oxygen-containing medium (15). Then, the homogenized flue-gas stream flows through a holding zone (13), in which it stays for at least 0.5 second, before, in an afterburning zone (14), the medium (15) which serves to ensure complete burn-off of the flue gas is added. The process according to the invention is distinguished by simple process steps and by a reduced level of pollutant emissions, in particular NOx, compared to the prior art.

Abstract: The invention relates to a steam generator (1) for superheated steam for incineration plants with corrosive flue gases, essentially comprising a radiation section (2) and a convection section (5), having at least one superheater (8) and having plates (10) arranged on the inside of at least one wall (9) of the radiation section (2), a space (12) being provided between the plates (10) and the wall (9) of the radiation section (2), and at least part of the superheater (8) being arranged as a wall superheater (15) in the space (12) in the radiation section (2). The steam generator is distinguished by the fact that the space (12) contains a noncorrosive gaseous atmosphere which is at a higher pressure than the pressure of the gases in the combustion chamber (3). In this way, it is possible to reach a high superheater temperature without corrosion to the final superheater, so that the superheater can be made from inexpensive material.

Abstract: A method for the incineration of refuse in an incineration cylindrical rotary kiln and for treating the resulting slag from the incineration of the refuse. The method includes the steps of removing the slag or ash from the cylindrical rotary kiln in a dry state and immediately separating the slag or ash in a first screening stage into at least two fractions, including a first fraction or screen underflow having a particle size of less than 32 mm. The method includes the further steps of feeding the first fraction or screen underflow to a second classifying stage where the first fraction or screen underflow is separated into a fine function having a particle size of up to 2 mm and the further step of returning at least part of the fine fraction to an air-inlet side of the cylindrical rotary kiln for incineration of the fine fraction.

Abstract: In a process for reprocessing slag and/or ash from the thermal treatment of refuse, the refuse (1) is pyrolyzed, gasified or partially combusted in a first process step, heavy-metal-containing slag and/or ash (8) having a comparatively high carbon content being formed. Said slag and/or ash (8) is then heated in a rotary kiln (6) to a temperature below the melting temperature of the slag and/or ash (8) in a second process step, the slag and/or ash (8), prior to its discharge from the rotary kiln (6), dwelling sufficiently long in the rotary kiln (6), that the heavy metals present therein are converted into their metallic form by reduction at the carbon endogenous to the slag and the readily volatile heavy metals are transferred to the gas phase and are discharged from the rotary kiln (6) together with the flue gas (9), and finally a slag (15) depleted in heavy metals being discharged from the rotary kiln (6).

Abstract: In a method for processing solid residues from refuse incineration plants the slag is melted and heavy metals from the melt (16) are separated for reutilization. The slag is directly transferred from the refuse incineration plant into a first heating chamber (2) and melted there under oxidizing conditions. The melt (16) produced therefrom is transferred to a second heating chamber (3), in which the heavy metal compounds are reduced to their metallic form. Furthermore, additional finely divided residues, such as fly ash, boiler ash and filter dust, are introduced into the second heating chamber (3) via a hollow graphite electrode (19). The melt (16) is then passed on to a third heating chamber (4), in which the residual readily volatile metals are vaporized and the residual non-volatile metals are sedimented. The essentially heavy-metal-free melt is then cooled to form vitreous granules.

Abstract: The waste material is degasified under the action of heat in a pyrolysis chamber (2). The volatile degasifying products are subjected to afterburning with supply of oxygen in an afterburning chamber (4a or 4b or 4c) designed as a fluidized-bed reactor. The solids discharged from the afterburning chamber (4a or 4b or 4c) are separated off from the flue gas stream in a dust separator (8) and, preferably cooled in an external fluid-bed cooler, are recycled to the afterburning chamber (4a or 4b or 4c). The temperatures of above 2500.degree. C., which are produced in the afterburning of the carbonization gases having a high heating value (minimum 8000 kJ/m.sup.3 (S.T.P.), can be controlled.

Abstract: To cool and clean flue gases from a furnace of a waste incineration plant, the flue gases are fed to a fluidized-bed reactor (6) as fluidizing gases in a first stage (1), into which solid sorbents are simultaneously introduced to remove gaseous pollutants. Solids discharged from the fluidized-bed reactor (6), together with the unused sorbents, are preferably recirculated via a fluid-bed cooler (15). Whereas in the first stage (1), at temperatures above 600.degree. C., optimum conditions, in particular for removing SO.sub.2, are created, the flue gases are further cooled and treated in a second stage (2a, 2b, 2c). In a second circulating fluidized bed, at temperatures below 600.degree. C., excellent conditions are created for HCl removal. In addition to the optimum gas cleaning, efficient cooling is also achieved, corrosion problems on heat-transfer surfaces also being solved.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for incinerating loose waste material in which the loose waste material is introduced into a furnace chamber to form a layer in the bottom of the furnace chamber. The layer of loose waste material is subjected to the direct action of technical-grade oxygen, preferably in less than stoichiometric amounts, with the oxygen fed at least at the speed of sound. The oxygen is supplied utilizing a plurality of lances distributed in the furnace chamber. Heat produced by combustion of the waste material melts incombustible constituents of the waste material. Residual unburnt combustible gases can be fed through an outlet stack to a secondary combustion chamber.