Abstract: A pulse counting apparatus operating at a low power and an operation method thereof are provided. The pulse counting apparatus includes a pulse counter configured to count a number of pulses inputted from outside of the pulse counting apparatus and generate an interrupt signal; a timer unit configured to generate a wake-up signal according to a preset time; a real time clock (RTC) configured to serve as a clock of the pulse counter and the timer unit; and a processor configured to switch from a sleep mode to an active mode when the interrupt signal or the wake-up signal is generated.

Abstract: A sensor data transmitting apparatus that transmits sensor data with low power and a method therefor are provided. According to an embodiment of the disclosure, a sensor data transmitting apparatus that transmits sensor data includes: a wireless communicator configured to access a network through an access point (AP); a timer module configured to generate a wake-up signal in a predetermined cycle; a storage configured to include a non-volatile memory and a volatile memory, a small booting code and a full booting code being recorded in the non-volatile memory and the volatile memory being capable of recording the sensor data; and a processor configured to execute the small booting code or the full booting code, collect the sensor data from a sensor after executing the small booting code, and transmit the sensor data to the AP.

Abstract: A signal transfer circuit for receiving a first signal to transfer the received first signal as a second signal by using an operating power source having a second voltage level, the signal transfer circuit may include: a first setting circuit; and a second setting circuit, the first signal may swing between a first voltage level and a ground level, and the second signal may swing between a third voltage level and the ground level, the first setting circuit may be configured to set the third voltage level to be same as the second voltage level, when the first voltage level is higher than the second voltage level, and the second setting circuit may be configured to set the third voltage level to be same as the first voltage level, by detecting when the first voltage level is lower than or equal to the second voltage level.

Abstract: A signal transfer circuit for receiving a first signal to transfer the received first signal as a second signal by using an operating power source having a second voltage level, the signal transfer circuit may include: a first setting circuit; and a second setting circuit, the first signal may swing between a first voltage level and a ground level, and the second signal may swing between a third voltage level and the ground level, the first setting circuit may be configured to set the third voltage level to be same as the second voltage level, when the first voltage level is higher than the second voltage level, and the second setting circuit may be configured to set the third voltage level to be same as the first voltage level, by detecting when the first voltage level is lower than or equal to the second voltage level.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for verifying maintenance of authentication in a terminal supporting a low power mode is provided. The method includes transmitting a broadcast packet or a multicast packet within a Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID) and then, receiving retransmission packet from a wireless network apparatus with respect to the respective packets, verifying whether authentication is maintained, and thereby verifying deauthentication with the wireless network apparatus in a shortest time. Through this present disclosure, the efficiency of the wireless communication service can be maximized.

Abstract: A data output circuit includes: a voltage generation circuit configured to generate an operating voltage having a potential level higher than levels of a first power supply voltage and a second power supply voltage; a pre-driver circuit configured to generate pull-up code signals and pull-down code signals according to calibration code signals and the operating voltage; a data pre-driver circuit configured to generate and output internal data according to a data signal and the first power supply voltage; and a main driver circuit configured to generate output data according to the internal data and the second power supply voltage, wherein a driving strength of the main driver circuit is adjusted according to the pull-up code signals and the pull-down code signals.

Abstract: A water decomposition device may include a hydrogen-generating electrode including a first external electrode and at least one first internal electrode formed integrally with the first external electrode, and an oxygen-generating electrode including a second external electrode and at least one second internal electrode formed integrally with the second external electrode. The first external electrode and the second external electrode are disposed to face each other, and the first internal electrode and the second internal electrode are disposed alternately in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction thereof. Therefore, the water decomposition device may secure both transparency and durability even when an opaque material is used therefor.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing an electrocatalyst. The method may include forming a metal layer on a substrate, treating a substrate of the metal layer, and forming a catalyst layer on the metal layer by applying potential to an aqueous deposition solution including a nickel precursor, a copper precursor, a phosphorus precursor, and an additive, in which a molar ratio of the nickel precursor to the copper precursor may be greater than about 49:1. Accordingly, the present invention has an advantage in that the process of manufacturing the electrocatalyst may be simplified.

Abstract: A data output circuit includes: a voltage generation circuit configured to generate an operating voltage having a potential level higher than levels of a first power supply voltage and a second power supply voltage; a pre-driver circuit configured to generate pull-up code signals and pull-down code signals according to calibration code signals and the operating voltage; a data pre-driver circuit configured to generate and output internal data according to a data signal and the first power supply voltage; and a main driver circuit configured to generate output data according to the internal data and the second power supply voltage, wherein a driving strength of the main driver circuit is adjusted according to the pull-up code signals and the pull-down code signals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for providing a virtual treatment experience which can make a user to understand the necessity for treatment and learn how to counteract side effects of the treatment.

Abstract: A memory system includes: a buffer memory device; and a memory controller configured to communicate data with the buffer memory device, wherein the memory controller includes: an input/output power voltage sensor configured to generate a first signal by sensing a change in input/output power voltage; and an impedance calibration circuit configured to perform an impedance calibration operation in response to the first signal.

Abstract: A memory system includes: a buffer memory device including a reference voltage pad; a memory controller including a controller ZQ pad; and a controller calibration resistor, wherein the reference voltage pad, the controller ZQ pad, and the controller calibration resistor are coupled to each other.

Abstract: A memory system includes: a buffer memory device; and a memory controller including a data output driver configured to output data to the buffer memory device, wherein the data output driver includes: a pull-up switching unit coupled to an input/output power voltage, the pull-up switching unit including a PMOS transistor controlled by a data signal that varies according to the output data; a pull-up resistor unit including an NMOS transistor coupled to a DQ pad; a pull-down switching unit controlled by the data signal; and a pull-down resistor unit coupled to the pull-down switching unit.

Abstract: A memory system includes: a buffer memory device; and a memory controller including a data output driver configured to output data to the buffer memory device, wherein the data output driver includes: a pull-up switching unit coupled to an input/output power voltage, the pull-up switching unit including a PMOS transistor controlled by a data signal that varies according to the output data; a pull-up resistor unit including an NMOS transistor coupled to a DQ pad; a pull-down switching unit controlled by the data signal; and a pull-down resistor unit coupled to the pull-down switching unit.

Abstract: A memory system includes: a buffer memory device including a reference voltage pad; a memory controller including a controller ZQ pad; and a controller calibration resistor, wherein the reference voltage pad, the controller ZQ pad, and the controller calibration resistor are coupled to each other.

Abstract: A memory system includes: a buffer memory device; and a memory controller configured to communicate data with the buffer memory device, wherein the memory controller includes: an input/output power voltage sensor configured to generate a first signal by sensing a change in input/output power voltage; and an impedance calibration circuit configured to perform an impedance calibration operation in response to the first signal.

Abstract: A launch device for launching an electronic apparatus comprises a storage unit, a main storage and a processor. The storage unit is configured to store a mini-launch code for executing a detection of an output value of a sensor, and store system driving codes which comprises a standard launch code for launching electronic apparatus. The main storage loads the mini-launch code and the system driving codes. The processor loads and executes the mini-launch code or the standard launch code.

Abstract: A polyester fiber that can be used for an airbag fabric is disclosed. The polyester fiber has an elongation of 1.65% to 2.5% when tensile strength of 1.0 g/d is applied after heat treatment at 185° C. for 2 minutes, and additionally elongates in the range of elongation from 0.5% to 5% at the range of tensile strength from 8.0 g/d to the maximum strength. The polyester fiber simultaneously has low initial Young's modulus and excellent mechanical properties, and thus, it may provide excellent packing, dimensional stability, and excellent air cut-off effect, and simultaneously, minimize impact applied to a passenger thus safely protecting a passenger.

Abstract: A circuit for controlling a collector current of a substrate bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is provided. The circuit includes a first current mirror configured to generate a first mirroring base current corresponding to a replicate current of a base current of the substrate BJT, a current transmitter configured to transmit the first mirroring base current, a second current mirror configured to generate a second mirroring base current corresponding to a replicate current of the first mirroring base current received from the current transmitter and configured to supply the second mirroring base current to an emitter of the substrate BJT, and a current source configured to supply a drive current corresponding to a collector current of the substrate BJT to the emitter of the substrate BJT.

Abstract: A circuit for controlling a collector current of a substrate bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is provided. The circuit includes a first current mirror configured to generate a first mirroring base current corresponding to a replicate current of a base current of the substrate BJT, a current transmitter configured to transmit the first mirroring base current, a second current mirror configured to generate a second mirroring base current corresponding to a replicate current of the first mirroring base current received from the current transmitter and configured to supply the second mirroring base current to an emitter of the substrate BJT, and a current source configured to supply a drive current corresponding to a collector current of the substrate BJT to the emitter of the substrate BJT.