Abstract: Acid halides of the formula (R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3)C--CO--Hal are obtained by reacting alkyl halides of the formula (R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3)C--Hal with carbon monoxide under a pressure of 5 to 1,000 bar and at a temperature of -20.degree. C. to +100.degree. C. in the presence of 0.001 to 0.3 mol of AlCl.sub.3 and/or FeCl.sub.3, if appropriate in the presence of a further Bronsted or Lewis acid, per mol of the alkyl halide. The process is carried out, if desired in the presence of a solvent which is customary for Friedel-Crafts or Friedel-Crafts-related reactions and, if appropriate in the presence of a hydrogen halide. The acid chloride can be isolated from the reaction mixture or further reacted.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new process for the preparation of 1-aminonaphthalene-2,4,7-trisulphonic acid and 1-aminonaphthalene-7-sulphonic acid (1,7-Cleve's acid), in which 1-aminonaphthalene or naphthionic acid is sulphonated selectively in the presence of certain additives to give 1-aminonaphthalene-2,4,7-trisulphonic acid and this is hydrolyzed to 1,7-Cleve's acid by warming in aqueous sulphuric acid.

Abstract: Optionally substituted 2-benzyl-toluenes can be prepared by reaction of optionally substituted 2-benzyl-tert.-alkyl-toluenes with an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon in the presence of anhydrous iron-(III) halide. The reaction is carried out at ambient to elevated temperature. The optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon is employed in molar excess, relative to the 2-benzly-tert.-alkyl-toluenes.

Abstract: The invention relates to the new compound 1-aminomethylnaphthalene-6-sulphonic acid, a process for its preparation by amidoalkylation of naphthalene-2-sulphonic acid and hydrolysis of the amidoalkylation product, and its use as an intermediate product for the preparation of 6-hydroxynaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid.

Abstract: In the preparation of 3,5-dichloro-.alpha.-methylstyrene by isopropylation of an m/p-dichlorobenzene mixture, isomerization of the resulting alkylation mixture, subsequent side chain bromination of the alkylation mixture and dehydrobromination of the resulting bromination mixture, the improvement which comprises reacting an excess of an m/p-dichlorobenzene mixture which contains at least 50% by weight of m-dichlorobenzene with isopropyl halide, isomerizing the resulting alkylation mixture under pressure in the presence of aluminum chloride until thermodynamic equilibrium has been attained, separating off the isomerized alkylation mixture from the unreacted m/p-dichlorobenzene mixture, and recycling the unreacted mixture for further reaction.

Abstract: P-Toluidine-2-sulphonic acid (5-amino-2-methylbenzenesulphonic acid) is obtained in very pure form and virtually free of p-toluidine-3-sulphonic acid (2-amino-5-methylbenzenesulphonic acid) by reacting p-toluidine at 10.degree.-55.degree. C. with oleum in sulphuric acid. The molar ratio of SO.sub.3 to p-toluidine in this reaction is 1-3.0:1. The reaction mixture is worked up by pouring into water and filtering off the precipitated p-toluidine-2-sulphonic acid.

Abstract: Solid crystalline tetra-alkali metal salts of chromotropic acid, a process for their isolation and their use for the preparation of pure chromotropic acid or di-alkali metal salts of chromotropic acid.

Abstract: The new compound 5,5-dichloro-4,5-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-trichloromethylpyrimidin-4-one can be prepared by reacting 4,6-dihydroxy-2-methylpyrimidine or chlorinated subsequent stages with a chlorinating agent. 5,5-dichloro-4,5-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-trichloromethylpyrimidin-4-one can be used as an intermediate for the preparation of 2-trichloromethyl-4,5,6-trichloropyrimidine.

Abstract: Substituted maleimides of the formula in whichX represents hydrogen, chlorine or bromine,X.sup.1 represents chlorine or bromine,n represents 2, 3, 4 or 5 andR represents halogen, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, aryloxy or cycloalkyl, halogenoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, acyloxyalkyl, nitro, cyano, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, carboxyl, carbonylamino, hydroxyl, alkoxy, halogenoalkoxy, acyloxy, sulphonylamino, alkylsulphonyl, alkylmercapto, marcapto, acylmercapto, halogenoalkylmercapto, amino, mono- or di-alkylamino or acylamino andm represents 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,which possess fungicidal activity.

Abstract: An improved process for the preparation of pivaloylacetic acid esters by decarbonylation of pivaloylpyruvic acid esters at elevated temperatures is described. The process is carried out in the presence of 0.01 to 5 percent by weight of a metal of sub-groups one to eight of the periodic system, which metal is in metallic and/or oxidic form. Initially, 30 percent of the pivaloylpyruvic acid ester to be converted is heated in the presence of the metal, and after conversion of the same there is added additional pivaloylpyruvic acid ester according to the rate at which the pivaloylpyruvic acid ester is converted.

Abstract: Substituted benzaldehydes are prepared by reaction of the substituted benzenes from which they are derived with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of metal halides, the process being performed in the presence of 0.5 to 10 mols of hydrogen chloride per mol of metal halide at a partial pressure of carbon monoxide from 1 to 100 bars and a temperature from -20.degree. C. to +100.degree. C. and, if desired, in the presence of an inert diluent. The substituted benzaldehyde which contains, as a substituent, alkyl with at least 2 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl or optionally substituted benzyl, is prepared by reacting the appropriately substituted benzene with the additional presence of a benzene which does not contain the substituents mentioned, but which is identical in respect of further substituents which are optionally present with the benzene from which it is derived.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of cinnamic acid is provided by the present invention in which an optionally substituted benzaldehyde and alkali metal salt of carboxylic acid and/or alkali metal (bi) carbonate, as condensing agents, are heated up to a temperature of 100.degree.-220.degree. C. and thereafter there is introduced into the so heated mixture acetic anhydride in at least a stoichiometric amount based upon the amount of optionally substituted benzaldehyde employed. The process can be carried out by heating up a reaction mixture to 100.degree.-220.degree. C. which is free of acetic anhydride or one which contains acetic anhydride but less than a stoichiometric amount thereof based upon the amount of optionally substituted benzaldehyde.

Abstract: In the preparation of a cinnamic acid by reacting the corresponding benzaldehyde with ketene in the presence of a catalyst, the improvement which comprises using as the catalyst an iron and/or zinc salt of a mono- or di-carboxylic acid with 2 to 20 carbon atoms containing free carboxylic acid and/or anhydride, and then splitting the reaction product in the temperature range from 100.degree. to 250.degree. C. with an acid or basic catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of 1-amino-8-naphthol-4,6-disulphonic acid (K-acid) as the mono-alkali metal salt by reacting a mixture of naphthylaminetrisulphonic acids and/or salts thereof with an alkali metal salt solution and separating the K-acid as the mono-alkali metal salt, by acidification and crystallization. The product is a known valuable dyestuff intermediate.

Abstract: Novel 5-acyloxy-4(5H)-oxazolonium salts of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 represents an optionally substituted aliphatic group with up to 12 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group with 3 to 10 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted phenyl or naphthyl group or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group andR.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are identical or different and represent a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted aliphatic group with up to 8 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted phenyl group andX.sup..crclbar. represents the anion of an inorganic or organic acid having a pK.sub.a value of less than 2,are obtained in solution when an acyl cyanide of the general formulaR.sup.1 --CO--CN (II)is reacted with a carboxylic acid anhydride of the general formulaR.sup.2 --CO--O--CO--R.sup.3 (III)whereinR.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each have the abovementioned meaning,in the presence of one or more inorganic or organic acids having a pK.sub.

Abstract: Fungicidally active substituted maleic acid amides of the formula ##STR1## in which X is hydrogen, chlorine or bromine,X.sup.1 is chlorine or bromine,R is alkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted aralkyl,R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 each independently is hydrogen, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted aralkyl,R.sup.6 each independently is halogen, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, alkoxy, sulphonylamine, halogenoalkyl, nitro, cyano, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulphonyl or carboxylamine,n is 0, 1, 2 or 3,m is 0, 1, 2 or 3,m+n is 0, 1, 2 or 3, andy is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,with the exception of the compound in whichX and X.sup.1 are chlorine,m and y are 0,n is 1,R.sup.1, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are hydrogen, andR is methyl,and the compound in whichX and X.sup.1 are chlorine,m, n and y are 0,R.sup.1 is hydrogen, andR is phenyl.

Abstract: Monomethyl-substituted methylene compounds are obtained by reacting methylene compounds of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently of one another represent --CN, --CO--R.sup.3, --SO.sub.2 --R.sup.3 or --NO.sub.2 andR.sup.1 can additionally denote -aryl(R.sup.1).sub.n,whereinR.sup.3 denotes --OH, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aralkoxy or aryloxy, or amino which is substituted by alkyl and/or aralkyl and/or aryl, and furthermoretwo radicals R.sup.3 together can be an alkylene group, the radical of an aliphatic diol or of an aliphatic diamine or the group --NH--CO--NH-- and n represents 1, 2 or 3,with formaldehyde and with hydrogen in the presence of a condensation catalyst and a hydrogenation catalyst at elevated temperature, the methylene compound being introduced into the liquid phase of the mixture of reactants in the course of the reaction.

Abstract: A method of combatting fungi which comprises applying to fungi or a fungus habitat a fungicidally effective amount of at least one maleic acid N-aralkyl-imide of the formula ##STR1## in which X is hydrogen or halogen,Hal is halogen, andm is 2,3 or 4.Those compounds are new in whichHal is chlorine or bromine, andX is hydrogen or bromine if m is 2, orX is chlorine if m is 4.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 5-amino-2,4-dimethylacetanilide by reduction of 5-nitro-2,4-dimethylacetanilide with hydrogen is disclosed characterized in that a crude mixture containing 5-nitro-2,4-dimethylacetanilide in admixture with at least one of its position isomers is hydrogenated in a water-miscible organic solvent which optionally contains water. The 5-amino-2,4-dimethylacetanilide is separated off from the reaction mixture by means of crystallization employing a mixture of water-miscible organic solvent and water.

Abstract: 4-Hydroxydiphenyl (mono-OD) and 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl (DOD) are obtained simultaneously from a mixture which contains these two substances, if such a mixture is treated with an aqueous alkali, and the resulting solution and the solid phase formed are separated at a temperature from -28.degree. C. to +40.degree. C. and the solution and the solid phase are acidified separately in order to form the free mono-OD and DOD. Mono-OD and DOD can be present in the starting mixture in the free form or in the form of the alkali metal phenolates. After formation of the alkali metal phenolates, where this is required, the aqueous alkali still contains 1-15 mol of alkali metal hydroxide per mol of the diphenyl compounds. The concentration of alkali metal hydroxide should be 4-25% by weight, relative to the amount of water present. In this process, it is also possible to employ industrial mixtures of the alkali melts of the associated diphenyl-sulphonic acids.