Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a leak hardly occurs, and a process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus having the same are provided. The conductive layer in the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a binder material, a first metal oxide particle, and a second metal oxide particle. The first metal oxide particle is a titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, or fluorine, and the second metal oxide particle is an uncoated titanium oxide particle. The contents of the first and second metal oxide particles in the conductive layer is 20 to 50 vol. % and 1.0 to 15 vol. %, respectively based on the total volume of the conductive layer. The content of the second metal oxide particle in the conductive layer is 5.0 to 30% by volume based on the content of the first metal oxide particle in the conductive layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member that can not easily cause charging lines even where it is an electrophotographic photosensitive member employing as a conductive layer a layer containing metal oxide particles is disclosed. Also disclosed are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such an electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a conductive layer which contains titanium oxide particles coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus or tungsten.

Abstract: A conductive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a binder material, a first metal oxide particle, and a second metal oxide particle. The first metal oxide particle is a zinc oxide particle or tin oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, or fluorine. The second metal oxide particle is an uncoated zinc oxide particle or tin oxide particle. The content of the first metal oxide particle is not less than 20% by volume and not more than 50% by volume based on the total volume of the conductive layer. The content of the second metal oxide particle is not less than 0.1% by volume and not more than 15% by volume based on the total volume of the conductive layer, and not less than 0.5% by volume and not more than 30% by volume based on the content of the first metal oxide particle.

Abstract: A conductive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a first metal oxide particle, a second metal oxide particle, and a binder material. The first metal oxide particle is a zinc oxide particle or tin oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus, tungsten, fluorine, niobium, or tantalum, and the second metal oxide particle is a tin oxide particle doped with an element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, tungsten, fluorine, niobium, and tantalum, the element being the same as the element with which the tin oxide of the first metal oxide particle is doped. The conductive layer satisfies formulae (1) and (2).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a leak hardly occurs, and a process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus having the same are provided. The conductive layer in the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a binder material, a first metal oxide particle, and a second metal oxide particle. The first metal oxide particle is a titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, or fluorine, and the second metal oxide particle is an uncoated titanium oxide particle. The contents of the first and second metal oxide particles in the conductive layer is 20 to 50 vol. % and 1.0 to 15 vol. %, respectively based on the total volume of the conductive layer. The content of the second metal oxide particle in the conductive layer is 5.0 to 30% by volume based on the content of the first metal oxide particle in the conductive layer.

Abstract: Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a residual potential hardly increases at the time of image formation, a pattern memory hardly occurs, and the crack of a conductive layer hardly occurs, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic photosensitive member. To this end, the conductive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus, a tin oxide particle doped with phosphorus, and a binding material, and when a total volume of the conductive layer is represented by VT, a total volume of the titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus in the conductive layer is represented by V1P, and a total volume of the tin oxide particle doped with phosphorus in the conductive layer is represented by V2P, the VT, the V1P, and the V2P satisfy the following expressions: 2?{(V2P/VT)/(V1P/VT)}×100?25 and 15?{(V1P/VT)+(V2P/VT)}×100?45.

Abstract: To provide a process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can not easily cause any fog due to an increase in dark attenuation, a conductive layer is formed with use of a coating liquid for conductive layer prepared with use of a solvent, a binder material and metal oxide particles. The metal oxide particles (P) and binder material (B) in the coating liquid for conductive layer are in a mass ratio (P/B) of from 1.5/1.0 to 3.5/1.0. The metal oxide particle is a titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus or tungsten. Where powder resistivity of the metal oxide particle is represented by x (?·cm) and powder resistivity of the titanium oxide particle as a core particle constituting the metal oxide particle is represented by y (?·cm), the y and the x satisfy the following relations (i) and (ii): 5.0×107?y?5.0×109??(i) 1.0×102?y/x?1.0×106??(ii).

Abstract: Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which leakage doesn't easily occur, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a method of manufacturing the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive layer including titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with a hetero element. When an absolute value of a maximum current amount flowing through the conductive layer in a case of performing a test of applying ?1.0 kV including DC voltage to the conductive layer is defined as Ia, and an absolute value of a current amount flowing through the conductive layer in a case where a decrease ratio of a current amount per minute reaches 1% or less for the first time is defined as Ib, the relations of Ia?6000 and 10?Ib are satisfied. A volume resistivity of the conductive layer before the test is 1.0×108 ?·cm to 5.0×1012 ?·cm.

Abstract: A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which leakage hardly occurs is provided. For this, in the method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present invention, a coating liquid for a conductive layer is prepared using a solvent, a binder material, and a metallic oxide particle having a water content of not less than 1.0% by mass and not more than 2.0% by mass; using the coating liquid for a conductive layer, a conductive layer having a volume resistivity of not less than 1.0×108 ?·cm and not more than 5.0×1012 ?·cm is formed; the mass ratio (P/B) of the metallic oxide particle (P) to the binder material (B) in the coating liquid for a conductive layer is not less than 1.5/1.0 and not more than 3.5/1.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for accurately evaluating the specific incorporation of D-glucose into cells. The present invention as a means for achieving the object is characterized by comprising contacting a D-glucose derivative that has a fluorescent chromophore in the molecule and is specifically incorporated into cells and an L-glucose derivative that has a fluorescent chromophore in the molecule with different cells in the same cell strain to be evaluated, respectively, comparing the fluorescence emitted by the D-glucose derivative that has a fluorescent chromophore in the molecule and is specifically incorporated into cells with the fluorescence emitted by the L-glucose derivative that has a fluorescent chromophore in the molecule, and evaluating the specific incorporation of D-glucose into cells relative to L-glucose by taking the difference between the two kinds of fluorescence intensities.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a specific conductive layer and promising less variation in light-area potential and residual potential in reproducing images repeatedly, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such an electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided. Where a test in which a voltage of ?1.0 kV having only a DC voltage component is continuously applied to the conductive layer for 1 hour is conducted, the conductive layer has volume resistivity satisfying the following mathematical expressions (1) and (2), as values before and after the test: ?2.00?(log|?2|?log|?1|)?2.00??(1), and 1.0×108??1?2.0×1013??(2), where, in the expressions (1) and (2), ?1 is volume resistivity (?·cm) of the conductive layer as measured before the test and ?2 is volume resistivity (?·cm) of the conductive layer as measured after the test.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member that can not easily cause charging lines even where it is an electrophotographic photosensitive member employing as a conductive layer a layer containing metal oxide particles is disclosed. Also disclosed are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such an electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a conductive layer which contains titanium oxide particles coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus or tungsten.

Abstract: Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which leakage doesn't easily occur, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a method of manufacturing the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive layer including titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with a hetero element. When an absolute value of a maximum current amount flowing through the conductive layer in a case of performing a test of applying ?1.0 kV including DC voltage to the conductive layer is defined as Ia, and an absolute value of a current amount flowing through the conductive layer in a case where a decrease ratio of a current amount per minute reaches 1% or less for the first time is defined as Ib, the relations of Ia?6000 and 10?Ib are satisfied. A volume resistivity of the conductive layer before the test is 1.0×108 ?·cm to 5.0×1012 ?·cm.

Abstract: To provide a process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can not easily cause any fog due to an increase in dark attenuation, a conductive layer is formed with use of a coating liquid for conductive layer prepared with use of a solvent, a binder material and metal oxide particles. The metal oxide particles (P) and binder material (B) in the coating liquid for conductive layer are in a mass ratio (P/B) of from 1.5/1.0 to 3.5/1.0. The metal oxide particle is a titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus or tungsten. Where powder resistivity of the metal oxide particle is represented by x (?·cm) and powder resistivity of the titanium oxide particle as a core particle constituting the metal oxide particle is represented by y (?·cm), the y and the x satisfy the following relations (i) and (ii): 5.0×107?y?5.0×109??(i) 1.0×102?y/x?1.0×106??(ii).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided in which black spots on an output image are hardly caused by local charge injection from a support to a photosensitive layer. For this purpose, a conductive layer is formed using a coating liquid for a conductive layer prepared using a solvent, a binder material and a metal oxide particle that satisfies the following relation (i): 45?A×?×D?65 (i) wherein A denotes the surface area of the metal oxide particle per unit mass [m2/g], D denotes the number average particle diameter of the metal oxide particle [?m], and ? denotes the density of the metal oxide particle [g/cm3]. The metal oxide particle is a titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus.

Abstract: A casted aluminum alloy obtained by casting a molten metal of an aluminum alloy, an aluminum alloy material obtained by at least heating the casted aluminum alloy, and methods for producing them. In the production of the casted aluminum alloy, a molten metal is obtained by melting an aluminum alloy containing 0.8 to 5 mass % of Fe, 0.15 to 1 mass % of Ti, Zr or the like as third component elements in an specific amount, and a residual part containing Al and inevitable impurities at a certain temperature (melting step). Subsequently, the molten metal is cast into a plate-like shape by a casting mold while cooling the molten metal to a temperature that is lower by at least 10° C. than a solidus temperature of the aluminum alloy at a cooling rate of 150° C./sec. or more and less than 10000° C./sec. (casting step).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided in which black spots on an output image are hardly caused by local charge injection from a support to a photosensitive layer. For this purpose, a conductive layer is formed using a coating liquid for a conductive layer prepared using a solvent, a binder material and a metal oxide particle that satisfies the following relation (i): 45?A×?×D?65 (i) wherein A denotes the surface area of the metal oxide particle per unit mass [m2/g], D denotes the number average particle diameter of the metal oxide particle [?m], and ? denotes the density of the metal oxide particle [g/cm3]. The metal oxide particle is a titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a specific conductive layer and promising less variation in light-area potential and residual potential in reproducing images repeatedly, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such an electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided. Where a test in which a voltage of ?1.0 kV having only a DC voltage component is continuously applied to the conductive layer for 1 hour is conducted, the conductive layer has volume resistivity satisfying the following mathematical expressions (1) and (2), as values before and after the test: ?2.00?(log|?2|?log|?1|)?2.00??(1), and 1.0×108??1?2.0×1013??(2), where, in the expressions (1) and (2), ?1 is volume resistivity (?·cm) of the conductive layer as measured before the test and ?2 is volume resistivity (?·cm) of the conductive layer as measured after the test.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member that can not easily cause charging lines even where it is an electrophotographic photosensitive member employing as a conductive layer a layer containing metal oxide particles is disclosed. Also disclosed are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such an electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a conductive layer which contains titanium oxide particles coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus or tungsten.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for accurately evaluating the specific incorporation of D-glucose into cells. The present invention as a means for achieving the object is characterized by comprising contacting a D-glucose derivative that has a fluorescent chromophore in the molecule and is specifically incorporated into cells and an L-glucose derivative that has a fluorescent chromophore in the molecule with different cells in the same cell strain to be evaluated, respectively, comparing the fluorescence emitted by the D-glucose derivative that has a fluorescent chromophore in the molecule and is specifically incorporated into cells with the fluorescence emitted by the L-glucose derivative that has a fluorescent chromophore in the molecule, and evaluating the specific incorporation of D-glucose into cells relative to L-glucose by taking the difference between the two kinds of fluorescence intensities.